异构资源类型下多无人机任务分配

针对多无人机在执行侦察、打击任务的过程中携带任务资源的异构性,以及任务对于异构资源的要求,设计了一种改进的基于共识的捆绑算法(consensus-based bundle algorithm, CBBA)。考虑任务价值、任务执行时间窗以及航程代价等条件建立了多无人机对地目标侦察、打击任务分配模型。利用K-medoids聚类分析方法对多无人机进行基于距离和携带资源平衡的聚类,以解决多无人机对于异构资源类型的要求。对打击任务进行子任务生成,并利用改进后的CBBA求解所建立的任务分配模型,通过对比仿真实验验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

海量电磁数据中雷达信号的高效分选方法

针对海量电磁数据中雷达信号难以进行快速准确分选的问题,提出一种新的聚类分选方法,即改进k-means算法的Map Reduce并行化实现方法。通过引入初始聚类中心个数k1、最大聚类中心个数kmax和距离门限rt3个参数,克服了k-means算法需要事先确定k值和易受孤立点影响的局限;基于Hadoop平台实现了对改进k-means算法的Map Reduce并行化,克服了k-means算法串行实现时间复杂度高的局限。最后,实验表明改进k-means算法取得了更高的分选准确率,Map Reduce并行化后具有良好的加速比和扩展性,能够很好地对海量电磁数据中雷达信号进行高效分选。     

基于网格的聚类挖掘算法

为了提高海量数据挖掘效率,研究了一种基于网格环境下的分布式聚类（Prejudge-Based Distributed Clus-tering,PBDC）算法,并引入距离、模和内积的概念,在聚类之前进行预判断,减少了不必要的计算开销。在此基础上提出了一种分布式并行化聚类（Distributed Parallel Clustering,DPC）算法,将其嵌入到Weka4ws中,以开源数据挖掘类库Weka为底层支持环境,构建网格环境下的分布式数据挖掘体系,同时进行仿真实验。实验结果表明：该算法对于网格环境下海量数据的分布式聚类具有良好的效果。     

基于轨迹聚类的运动趋势分析

在军事应用中,群体目标的轨迹运动趋势在一定程度上反映了其作战意图。为此,提出了一种利用轨迹聚类来提取轨迹运动趋势的方法。该方法的计算过程包含轨迹划分、轨迹聚类及运动趋势提取三个阶段。在轨迹划分阶段,针对转向角大小不易确定的问题,提出了利用最小描述长度准则来确定转向角的方法;在轨迹聚类阶段,对TRACLUS算法的距离函数作了相关改进,该距离函数能更好地表达有向轨迹片段之间的距离。最后,进行了仿真实验,实验结果证明了该算法的合理性。     

一种基于线性流形的基因表达数据的聚类方法

由于基因表达数据的稀疏性和噪声性,传统聚类算法对其聚类时不能取得好的效果。针对这一问题,一种新的线性流形方法被提出,它的基本思想是搜索数据集中的线流形聚类,再将其中某些线流形聚类融合构造高维流形聚类。该算法将切向距离和法向距离作为线性流形的距离度量,运用空间近邻信息,采用聚类基因的平均表达水平作为转移向量,提高了聚类的准确度。实验结果表明,该算法的聚类准确性优于其它聚类算法,并且对带有噪声的数据可以保持较高的聚类准确度;在对Hela基因表达数据聚类时,算法得到了具有显著生物学意义的聚类。这些都说明提出的算法对基因表达数据聚类的适用性和有效性。     

基于相似性和距离及遗传模拟退火的自适应聚类算法

针对模糊C-均值(FCM)算法中聚类数目的确定问题,提出了基于样本间相似度量和距离的算法,该算法可有效缩短聚类数搜索的范围,减少计算工作量。对于模糊C-均值算法聚类中心初始值随机选择易陷入局部极小值问题,采用遗传模拟退火算法优化FCM的聚类中心,以人工数据集和标准数据集验证了遗传模拟退火算法具有较强的全局收敛性能,有效提高了聚类效果。     

一种基于层次划分聚类的雷达信号分选算法

近年来,聚类分析在雷达信号分选领域中得到了大量的关注。大部分算法聚类数需要事先人为设定,为了解决这一问题,将基于层次划分的聚类算法应用到雷达信号分选当中。该算法通过数据各个维度的差与对应阈值的比较进行分类,并提出一种基于"点对"的平均距离的评价指标来确定最佳聚类,无需人为设定聚类数,可实现自动聚类。仿真实验表明,此算法对参数固定和参数变化的雷达都具有良好的分选能力,分选准确率较高。     

涡轮泵故障检测的频段能量比SOM算法

为了解决缺少故障样本情况下的涡轮泵健康状态判别问题,分析了涡轮泵振动信号的频谱,提取了频段能量比作为其故障检测特征,并讨论了自组织映射的竞争学习原理及聚类结果的U-矩阵表示,提出了一种基于频段能量比的自组织映射故障检测算法,并实现了该算法最佳匹配神经元的选择和权重向量的自适应更新。通过某型液体火箭发动机历史试车数据的验证,结果表明,健康涡轮泵数据利用该算法聚类时仅存在一个类别,相邻神经元距离小于0.1;反之,故障涡轮泵数据利用该算法聚类时明显存在两个或多个类别,且相邻神经元的最大距离大于0.1。因此,基于频段能量比的SOM算法能有效地判别涡轮泵的健康状况。     

基于决策图的轨迹运动趋势提取

在军事应用中,为了提取群体目标的整体运动趋势,提出了一种基于决策图的轨迹聚类来提取轨迹运动趋势的方法。该方法不需要预设参数,且聚类中心的个数既可以通过决策图人工确定,又可以通过数值检测策略自动确定,由此减轻了算法对领域知识的依赖,增强了算法的适用性。仿真实验表明:该方法能正确确定轨迹聚类簇,且对轨迹噪声有一定的抑制作用。     

基于运动模式的船舶轨迹分段压缩算法

为解决当前船舶轨迹分段与压缩过程中轨迹细节丢失、运动模式不清及运动特征难以提取等问题,首先通过分析船舶运动的特点,在Stop-Move模式的基础上,提出了基于Stop-Turn-Line三种基本运动模式的船舶轨迹表示方法,并设计了轨迹运动模式检测与分割算法。然后,采用Java语言实现了该算法;并利用真实船舶轨迹数据集进行了测试。实验结果表明:该算法能够在较好保留运动模式及特征的前提下对船舶轨迹进行高效分段和压缩,可为基于海量船舶轨迹数据的查询、显示、分析及挖掘等提供良好的基础。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.