Shock initiation performance of NTO-based polymer bonded explosive

3-nitro-1,2,4-tri-azol-5-one (NTO) is a high energy insensitive explosive. To study the shock initiation process of NTO-based polymer bonded explosive JEOL-1 (32%octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 32% NTO, 28% Al and 8% binder system), the cylinder test, the gap experiments and numerical simulation were carried out. Firstly, we got the detonation velocity (7746 m/s) and the parameters of Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state (EOS) for detonation product by cylinder test and numerical simulation. Secondly, the Hugoniot curve of unreacted explosive for JEOL-1 was obtained calculating the data of pressure and time at different Lagrangian positions. Then the JWL EOS of unreacted explosive was obtained by utilizing the Hugoniot curve as the reference curve. Finally, we got the pressure growth history of JEOL-1 under shock wave stimulation and the parameters of the ignition and growth reaction rate equation were obtained by the pressure-time curves measured by the shock-initiation gap experiment and numerical simulation. The determined trinomial ignition and growth model (IG model) parameters can be applied to subsequently simulation analysis and design of insensitive ammunition with NTO-based polymer bonded explosive.     

Characteristics structure analysis on debris cloud in the hypervelocity impact of disk projectile on thin plate

In this paper, the gauge points setting is introduced in the SPH simulation to analyze the debris cloud structure generated by the hypervelocity impact of disk projectile on thin plate. Compared with the experiments, more detailed information of the debris cloud structure can be classified from the numerical simulation. However, due to the solitary dispersion and overlap display of the particles in the SPH simulation, accurate comparison between numerical and experimental results is difficult to be performed. To track the velocity and spatial distribution of the particles in the debris cloud induced from disk and plate, gauge points are locally set in the single-layer profile in the SPH model. By analyzing the gauge points’ spatial coordinate and velocity, the location and velocity of characteristic points in the debris cloud are determined. The boundary of debris cloud is achieved, as well as the fragments distribution outside the main structure of debris cloud.     

A study on the surface overpressure distribution and formation of a double curvature liner under a two-point initiation

The formation mechanism of an EFP(explosively formed projectile) using a double curvature liner under the overpressure effect generated by a regular oblique reflection was investigated in this paper.Based on the detonation wave propagation theory,the change of the incident angle of the detonation wave collision at different positions and the distribution area of the overpressure on the surface of the liner were calculated.Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the formation process of the EFP with tail as well as the ability to penetrate 45# steel were performed using LS-DYNA software,and the EFP ve-locity,the penetration ability,and the forming were assessed via experiments and x-ray photographs.The experimental results coincides with those of the simulations.Results indicate that the collision of the detonation wave was controlled to be a regular oblique reflection acting on the liner by setting the di-mensions of the unit charge and maintaining the pressure at the collision point region at more than 2.4 times the CJ detonation when the incident angle approached the critical angle.The distance from the liner midline to the boundary of the area within which the pressure ratio of the regular oblique reflection pressure to the CJ detonation pressure was greater than 2.5,2,and 1.5was approximately 0.66 mm,1.32 mm,and 3.3 mm,respectively.It is noted that pressure gradient caused the liner to turn inside out in the middle to form the head of the EFP and close the two tails of the EFP at approximately 120μs.The penetration depth of the EFP into a 45# steel target exceeded 30 mm,and there was radial expansion between the head and tail of the EFE increasing the penetration resistance of the EFP.Therefore,the structural size of the unit charge and the liner can be further optimized to reduce resistance to increase the penetration ability of the EFP.     

SPH算法在超高速碰撞数值模拟中的应用

采用大型动力学软件Ls-dyna中的SPH求解器,对球形弹丸超高速碰撞靶板的过程进行数值模拟。给出由于碰撞速度不同,而引起的不同的碎片云图像,以及不同的靶板破碎孔的尺寸。同时模拟了入射角度不同,而得到不同的超高速碰撞物理过程。初步分析结果表明数值模拟结果是合理的,较清晰地模拟了超高速碰撞下碎片云的生成、膨胀过程。另外,通过数值模拟结果与实验结果的比较分析,表明SPH方法得到的结果能描述相应的超高速碰撞现象。所以采用SPH算法针对超高速碰撞物理过程进行数值模拟是可行的。     

典型线性火工分离装置作用过程数值模拟及试验研究

针对目前线性火工分离装置的优化设计主要依靠试验验证,成本高且设计优化迭代慢的问题,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法建立典型线性火工分离装置的数值模型。通过火工分离试验和光子多普勒测速试验对上述数值模型进行验证,发现该数值模型具有较好的精度。使用该模型研究上述火工分离装置分离瞬态过程的力学机理,并定量分析多种因素对分离装置重点部位等效塑性应变等关键特征量的影响。研究发现,芯药线密度、分离板削弱槽底部的圆角半径对分离装置的作用过程有重大影响。此外,保护罩材质、削弱槽开口角度、分离板槽结构尺寸等因素对分离过程也有一定影响,但其影响相对较小。研究结果可以为典型线性火工分离装置的优化设计提供基础。     

Effects of nano-sized aluminum on detonation characteristics and metal acceleration for RDX-based aluminized explosive

Nano-sized aluminum(Nano-Al)powders hold promise in enhancing the total energy of explosives and the metal acceleration ability at the same time.However,the near-detonation zone effects of reaction between Nano-Al with detonation products remain unclear.In this study,the overall reaction process of 170 nm Al with RDX explosive and its effect on detonation characteristics,detonation reaction zone,and the metal acceleration ability were comprehensively investigated through a variety of experiments such as the detonation velocity test,detonation pressure test,explosive/window interface velocity test and confined plate push test using high-resolution laser interferometry.Lithium fluoride(LiF),which has an inert behavior during the explosion,was used as a control to compare the contribution of the reaction of aluminum.A thermochemical approach that took into account the reactivity of aluminum and ensuing detonation products was adopted to calculate the additional energy release by afterburn.Combining the numerical simulations based on the calculated afterburn energy and experimental results,the param-eters in the detonation equation of state describing the Nano-Al reaction characteristics were calibrated.This study found that when the 170 nm Al content is from 0％to 15％,every 5％increase of aluminum resulted in about a 1.3％decrease in detonation velocity.Manganin pressure gauge measurement showed no significant enhancement in detonation pressure.The detonation reaction time and reaction zone length of RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 64 ns and 0.47 mm,which is respectively 14％and 8％higher than that of RDX/wax/95/5 explosive(57 ns and 0.39 mm).Explosive/window interface velocity curves show that 170 nm Al mainly reacted with the RDX detonation products after the detonation front.For the recording time of about 10 μs throughout the plate push test duration,the maximum plate velocity and plate acceleration time accelerated by RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 12％and 2.9 μs higher than that of RDX/LiF/wax/80/15/5,respectively,indicating that the aluminum reaction energy significantly increased the metal acceleration time and ability of the explosive.Numerical simulations with JWLM explosive equation of state show that when the detonation products expanded to 2 times the initial volume,over 80％of the aluminum had reacted,implying very high reactivity.These results are significant in attaining a clear understanding of the reaction mechanism of Nano-Al in the development of aluminized explosives.     

激光辐照下45#钢板响应特性

采取实验和数值模拟相结合的方法对激光辐照45#钢板的响应特性进行研究。基于连续光纤激光发射系统,开展钢板的激光辐照实验,得到温度场分布及靶板的烧蚀穿孔特性;基于ANSYS建立靶板有限元模型,模拟激光辐照下靶板的热响应过程,得到了靶板厚度、激光功率和光斑直径等因素对靶板温度分布及靶板穿孔特性的影响规律。     

Verification and validation of detonation modeling

The mathematical model used to describe the detonation multi-physics phenomenon is usually given by highly coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical simulation and the computer aided engineering (CAE) technique has become the third pillar of detonation research, along with theory and experiment, due to the detonation phenomenon is difficult to explain by the theoretical analysis, and the cost required to accredit the reliability of detonation products is very high, even some physical experiments of detonation are impossible. The numerical simulation technique can solve these complex problems in the real situation repeatedly and reduce the design cost and time stunningly. But the reliability of numerical simulation software and the serviceability of the computational result seriously hinders the extension, application and the self-restoration of the simulation software, restricts its independently innovational ability. This article deals with the physical modeling, numerical simulation, and software development of detonation in a unified way. Verification and validation and uncertainty quantification (V&V&UQ) is an important approach in ensuring the credibility of the modeling and simulation of detonation. V&V of detonation is based on our independently developed detonation multi-physics software-LAD2D. We propose the verification method based on mathematical theory and program function as well as availability of its program execution. Validation is executed by comparing with the experiment data. At last, we propose the future prospect of numerical simulation software and the CAE technique, and we also pay attention to the research direction of V&V&UQ.     

加筋板架抗动能穿甲的等效防护厚度研究

为研究舰船舷侧结构抗穿甲性能,采用有限元分析了两种典型工况下板架的穿甲破坏模式、弹体的剩余速度和板架的变形吸能规律,提出了基于剪切冲塞模式的剩余速度理论计算模型,比较了不同等效计算方法得到的结果,并将理论计算结果分别与相关文献的实验结果和本文的有限元计算结果进行了比较,两者之间均吻合较好。结果表明,加强筋对板架的抗穿甲性能影响较大,而板架的实际等效厚度是决定其抗穿甲性能的主要因素;不同的等效计算方法与模型相对尺寸、弹体冲击速度以及命中位置有关,对于弹体直径相对较大且初始冲击速度较高时,不同的等效计算方法得到的结果基本一致。     

The deformation and failure mechanism of cylindrical shell and square plate with pre-formed holes under blast loading

The deformation and failure mechanism of cylindrical shells and square plate with pre-formed holes under blast loading were investigated numerically by employing the Ansys 17.0 and Ls-Dyna 971. To calibrate the numerical model, the experiments of square plates with pre-formed circle holes were modeled and the numerical results have a good agreement with the experiment data. The calibrated numerical model was used to study the deformation and failure mechanism of cylindrical shells with pre-formed circle holes subjected to blast loading. The structure response and stress field changing process has been divided into four specific stages and the deformation mechanism has been discussed systematically. The local and global deformation curves, degree of damage, change of stress status and failure modes of cylindrical shell and square plate with pre-formed circular holes are obtained, compared and analyzed, it can be concluded as: (1) The transition of tensile stress fields is due to the geometrical characteristic of pre-formed holes and cylindrical shell with arch configuration; (2) The existence of pre-formed holes not only lead to the increasing of stress concentration around the holes, but also release the stress concentration during whole response process; (3) There are three and two kinds of failure modes for square plate and cylindrical shell with pre-formed holes, respectively. and the standoff distance has a key influence on the forming location of the crack initiating point and the locus of crack propagation; (4) The square plate with pre-formed holes has a better performance than cylindrical shell on blast-resistant capability at a smaller standoff distance, while the influence of pre-formed holes on the reduction of blast-resistant capability of square plate is bigger than that of cylindrical shell.     

Ricochet quantification using a multiple sensor approach

This study investigates the ricochet behaviour of three different small-arms projectile types using a novel ricochet measuring device.The results can be used to estimate the danger potential of ricochets on shooting ranges.A ricochet is the change of direction and velocity of a projectile after impacting an oblique surface.This impact produces strong vibrations on a rigid plate.During this impact,flexural waves travel radially outwards from the point of impact.These waves are used to determine the properties of the impactor with accelerometers situated on the target surface.With the use of two measurement plates,one can produce a ricochet and detect the velocity at the same time.Accelerometers are suitable for accurate momentum measurements of single impacts.However,depending upon strike velocity and the impact angle,a ricochet can separate in multiple fragments after being deflected.From the operational safety perspective,these fragments need to be detected,as well.The approach of a coupled sensor concept was chosen to solve this problem.Thermographic sensors were additionally used to visualise the heat which is produced after pene-trating a rubber layer pasted in front of the steel target plate.With this approach one was able to detect the position of impact.The investigations showed that the measurement system performance is better with a multiple sensor design,which includes accelerometers for the velocity,impact strength and partly the position measurement,while the thermographic sensor was used for the position measurement and partly the momentum measurement.The investigated ammunition showed plausible fragmentation behaviour,and the results can already be used to estimate the danger potential of different ammunition types.Frangible projectiles fragment to small particles already after being deflected under a small angle.However,Full Metal Jacket projectiles with or without a steel core do not fragment under angles which are less than 5°.The objective of the paper is to demonstrate the possibility of measuring the complex ricochet me-chanics of small projectiles using standard accelerometers with the adequate signal processing approach.This measuring system is supported by an off the shelf thermographic camera.     

Statistical variability and fragility assessment of ballistic perforation of steel plates for 7.62 mm AP ammunition

The paper describes field test results of 7.62 × 51 mm M61 AP (armour piercing) ammunition fired into mild steel targets at an outdoor range. The targets varied from 10 mm to 32 mm in thickness. The tests recorded penetration depth, probability of perforation (i.e., complete penetration), muzzle and impact velocities, bullet mass, and plate yield strength and hardness. The measured penetration depth exhibited a variability of approximately ±12%. The paper then compared ballistic test results with predictive models of steel penetration depth and thickness to prevent perforation. Statistical parameters were derived for muzzle and impact velocity, bullet mass, plate thickness, plate hardness, and model error. A Monte-Carlo probabilistic analysis was then developed to estimate the probability of plate perforation of 7.62 mm M61 AP ammunition for a range of impact velocities, and for mild steels, and High Hardness Armour (HHA) plates. This perforation fragility analysis considered the random variability of impact velocity, bullet mass, plate thickness, plate hardness, and model error. Such a probabilistic analysis allows for reliability-based design, where, for example, the plate thickness with 95% reliability (i.e. only 1 in 20 shots will penetrate the wall) can be estimated knowing the probabilistic distribution of perforation. Hence, it was found that the plate thickness to ensure a low 5% probability of perforation needs to be 11–15% thicker than required to have a 50/50 chance of perforation for mild steel plates. Plates would need to be 20–30% thicker if probability of perforation is reduced to zero.     

破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的有限元分析

根据破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的实验研究,采用MSC.Dytran对破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性、钢板的破坏模式以及弹体的侵彻速度、靶板的侵彻阻力进行了有限元分析,并将分析结果与实验结果进行了比较.分析结果表明,破片模拟弹冲击钢装甲的侵彻过程可大致分为初始接触、弹体侵入、剪切冲塞和穿甲破坏4个阶段.有限元分析的破片模拟弹侵彻特性及靶板破坏模式与实验观测结果有较好的一致性,在靶板破口的正面,与弹体平面凸缘两端接触的部分,变形以剪切为主,而与切削面接触的部分,以挤压变形为主;靶板破口背面为剪切冲塞破坏;有限元模拟的弹体剩余速度与实验结果吻合较好,弹体侵彻过程中弹靶作用界面的速度和侵彻速度近似呈线性变化.有限元分析结果还表明,采用适当的模型,有限元法能较好地模拟破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性以及钢板的破坏模式.     

Numerical simulation of the natural fragmentation of explosively loaded thick walled cylinders

The ability to predict the natural fragmentation of an explosively loaded metal casing would represent a significant achievement. Physically-based material models permit the use of small scale laboratory tests to characterise and validate their parameters. The model can then be directly employed to understand and design the system of interest and identify the experiments required for validation of the predictions across a wide area of the performance space. This is fundamentally different to the use of phenomenologically based material algorithms which require a much wider range of characterisation and validation tests to be able to predict a reduced area of the performance space. Eulerians numerical simulation methods are used to describe the fragmentation of thick walled EN24 steel cylinders filled with PBXN-109 explosive. The methodology to characterise the constitutive response of the material using the physically based Armstrong–Zerilli constitutive model and the Goldthorpe path dependent fracture model is described, and the results are presented. The ability of an Eulerian hydrocode to describe the fragmentation process and reproduce the experimentally observed fragment mass and velocity distributions is presented and discussed. Finally the suitability of the current experimental analysis methodology for simulation validation is addressed.     

Application of Two-dimensional Viscous CE/SE Method in Calculation of Two-phase Detonation

The method of two-dimensional viscous space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) can be used to calculate the gas-liquid two-phase interior flow field in pulse detonation engine (PDE). In this paper, the evolution of the detonation wave and the distribution of its physical parameters were analyzed. The numerical results show that the change of axial velocity of gas is the same as that of detonation pressure. The larger the liquid droplet radius is, the longer the time to get stable detonation wave is. The calculated results coincide with the experimented results better.     

填充式波纹夹层结构超高速撞击特性仿真

基于航天器空间碎片被动防护需求,对一种新型填充式波纹夹层结构进行超高速撞击仿真研究,分析超高速撞击过程以及结构的穿孔破坏情况和所形成的碎片云的特性,并与相同面密度Whipple结构进行对比。其撞击现象与Whipple结构相似,但其碎片云的头部速度小于Whipple结构,而径向膨胀最大速度和膨胀半角均大于Whipple结构。随撞击初速从3 km/s~10 km/s不断增大,波纹夹层结构的撞击穿孔尺寸变大,形状也更不规则。此外,结构中的填充树脂对碎片撞击能量的吸收贡献最大,后面板所吸收的能量所占比重较大,而前面板和波纹板对碎片撞击能量的吸收贡献较小。研究结果对空间碎片防护结构的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

双层反应装甲干扰射流影响因素分析

通过对双层反应装甲与射流作用过程进行分析和数值模拟,得到双层反应装甲飞板飞散及与射流作用物理过程,通过模拟结果与物理实验比较可知,数值模拟过程基本正确.同时,利用ANSYS-DYNA针对双层反应装甲不同结构参数与射流作用过程进行数值模拟,分析双层反应装甲两组件距离、与主靶板距离及两组件的夹角对干扰射流的影响,从而为双层反应装甲结构改进及设计优化提供理论参考.     

Experimental research on the instability propagation characteristics of liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave

In order to study the instability propagation characteristics of the liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave (RDW), a series of experimental tests were carried out on the rotating detonation combustor (RDC) with air-heater. The fuel and oxidizer are room-temperature liquid kerosene and preheated oxygen-enriched air, respectively. The experimental tests keep the equivalence ratio of 0.81 and the oxygen mass fraction of 35% unchanged, and the total mass flow rate is maintained at about 1000 g/s, changing the total temperature of the oxygen-enriched air from 620 K to 860 K. Three different types of instability were observed in the experiments: temporal and spatial instability, mode transition and re-initiation. The interaction between RDW and supply plenum may be the main reason for the fluctuations of detonation wave velocity and pressure peaks with time. Moreover, the inconsistent mixing of fuel and oxidizer at different circumferential positions is related to RDW oscillate spatially. The phenomenon of single-double-single wave transition is analyzed. During the transition, the initial RDW weakens until disappears, and the compression wave strengthens until it becomes a new RDW and propagates steadily. The increased deflagration between the detonation products and the fresh gas layer caused by excessively high temperature is one of the reasons for the RDC quenching and re-initiation.     

箭(弹)级间螺栓法兰连接结构冲击失效实验与数值仿真

基于火箭(导弹)级间螺栓法兰连接结构,简化设计并制作了一组原理性实验件,利用ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,设计并进行了多次落锤冲击失效实验,其中包括轴向和横向两种工况,考虑了螺栓均布与非均布、螺栓直径和螺栓-栓孔间隙等不同结构特点。实验过程中采集了螺栓力时程响应数据、柱段关键点应变时程响应数据、锤头冲击力和冲击速度及连接界面开缝位移等多组数据。根据实验效果和实测数据,分析了连接结构冲击失效机理,并对比验证发现有限元模型数值模拟效果和精度与实验结果吻合较好。研究结论可为箭(弹)级间连接结构抗冲击设计提供参考。     

Evaluation of effectiveness of polymer coatings in reducing blast-induced deformation of steel plates

Incorporating elastomers such as polymers in protective structures to withstand high energetic dynamic loads, has gained significant interest. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of a Polyurea coating towards the blast-induced response in steel plates. As such, Polyurea coated steel plates were tested under near-field blast loads, produced by the detonation of 1 kg of spherical nitromethane charges, at a standoff distance of 150 mm. Mild steel (XLERPLATE 350) and high-strength steel (BIS80) plates with thicknesses of 10 mm were Polyurea coated with thicknesses of 6 mm and 12 mm on either the front (facing the charge) or the back face. The deformation profiles were measured using 3D scanning. Numerical simulations were performed using the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA. The strain-dependent behaviour of the steel and Polyurea were represented by Johnson-cook and Money-Rivlin constitutive models, respectively. The numerical models were validated by comparing the plate deflection results obtained from the experiments and were then used in the subsequent parametric study to investigate the optimum thickness of the Polyurea coating. The results indicate that back face coating contributes towards an approximately 20% reduction in the residual deformation as well as the absence of melting of the Polyurea layer, while the front-face coating can be used a means of providing additional standoff distance to the steel plates.