动态滑翔动力学建模与风梯度能量获取*(专题约稿)

信天翁等鸟类能够不拍打翅膀而持续飞行很长的时间和距离,因为梯度风场的存在使得它们能从中获取能量,这项技术被称之为动态滑翔。临近空间也广泛存在梯度风场,如果临近空间长航时飞行器能够利用动态滑翔技术将是十分有前途的。本文首先对无动力飞机的动态滑翔问题做了假设来简化问题的描述,更便于数学操作。在这些假设下建立了无动力飞机动态滑翔的动力学模型,即三维速度空间中只有一个输入变量的常微分方程组。之后,从理论上得到了这个三维速度空间中机械能可以增加的最大范围,即能增纺锤体内部,并推导出最大的机械能增加率。最后,得出更大的风梯度、更小的阻力系数和更小的面质比更加有利于飞机获取能量的结论,该结论加深了对动态滑翔能量观点的认识,对实践有指导意义。     

无人机风梯度滑翔过程中能量变化

风梯度滑翔是一种能够使飞行器从飞行环境中获取能量的飞行方式。在已建立的飞行器动力学模型的基础上,分析了无人机在已知的梯度风场中一个滑翔周期内的能量变化过程。采取分段解析的方法,将一个风梯度滑翔周期分为4个阶段进行分析,即逆风爬升、高空转弯、顺风下滑和低空转弯,其中高空转弯为整个滑翔周期内的关键阶段。采用三维空间路径结合二维平面投影的计算方法,详细分析了无人机在高空转弯过程中的运动方程和能量转化方程,同时分析了影响飞行器从梯度风场中获取能量以及梯度风场中由于空气阻力导致飞行器能量损失的相关参数,为无人机最大程度地从梯度风场中获取能量,同时减少自身能源损耗提供了理论指导,并且根据理论建模进行了仿真分析,得出了逆风爬升和高空转弯的初期是获取能量主要阶段的结论,对指导无动力滑翔有很大的意义。     

动态滑翔运动建模、机理分析与航迹优化

信天翁凭借动态滑翔的飞行技巧从梯度风中获取能量,从而在几乎不拍翅膀的情况下进行长时间、长距离飞行,这种技巧应用于小型无人机上可拓展其完成任务的能力。基于飞行器动力学对梯度风场中的无人机运动方程进行推导和简化处理;利用简化的运动方程,分别从非惯性参考系中的动能定理和机械能变化的角度,对动态滑翔获取能量的机理进行分析;利用微分平坦法,以最小平均控制输入变化率为目标函数,对徘徊模式和平移模式的动态滑翔航迹进行优化计算。分析结果表明:逆风爬升、顺风下滑是动态滑翔基本获能方式。优化结果表明:控制输入变得更加平滑,甚至出现阶段性的常值,使得控制更加简化;徘徊模式下,当风梯度作为决策变量时,优化过程可在[0,0.5 s-1]的区间上找到使得目标函数值最小的风梯度;平移模式下,目标函数值在该区间上单调递减。     

高超声速滑翔再入飞行器的可达区快速预测

防御方对来袭滑翔再入飞行器进行可达区的预测存在先验信息量不足且时效性要求高等难题。为此提出一种基于最优化飞行假设的可达区快速预测方法:仅需已知目标当前位置、速度与最大升阻比(可基于雷达探测数据通过实时弹道估计获得),基于平衡滑翔假设和最大横程的埃格斯解分别获得目标最大纵程和横程终点坐标,在经纬度二维平面内,可达区即可近似为以两个最大横程终点间线段为短轴、最大纵程终点到短轴距离为半长轴的半椭圆区域。仿真结果表明,与传统的数值优化方法和常倾侧角方法相比,提出的方法具有利用先验信息少、精度较高和运算量小的优点,可满足实时性要求。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器滑翔段预测-校正制导研究

为了满足高超声速滑翔飞行器再入制导过程中的终端约束和过程约束,针对滑翔段具有不确定初值和气动干扰的滑翔再入问题,联合三维轨迹快速在线生成技术和模型预测静态规划（MPSP）技术提出了一种改进的MPSP预测-校正制导律。建立了基于能量的高超声速滑翔飞行器的运动学模型,详细推导了MPSP预测-校正制导理论。构建了基于三维快速轨迹规划的初值生成器,探讨了初始下降段对滑翔段的影响因素。针对滑翔段初值干扰和气动参数摄动问题,设计了预测-校正制导律,进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明,改进的MPSP预测-校正制导方法能够有效利用精确的猜测值,对干扰初值和气动摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

滑翔增程弹滑翔弹道优化设计分析

针对鸭式布局的滑翔增程弹,建立了滑翔增程弹滑翔弹道的模型,采用使滑翔弹道上每一点的升阻比最大的设计思想进行弹道优化设计,导出了俯仰舵偏角与平衡攻角的表达式,并对滑翔飞行弹道特性进行了仿真计算分析.仿真计算表明,滑翔弹道与常规弹道降弧段相比下降趋缓,增程效果显著.     

滑翔飞行器控制系统设计与仿真

建立了无动力滑翔飞行器的弹道数学模型和控制系统的控制规律与模型,根据滑翔控制的特点及飞行器飞行中的稳定性要求,对滑翔飞行器控制系统进行了数学仿真,同时对飞行器控制系统的参数进行了优化并给出了仿真的结果。     

滑翔弹最优弹道设计存在的问题及解决方法

最大滑翔距离是滑翔弹最重要的战技指标之一.根据现有理论,滑翔弹按照最大升阻比飞行的弹道是具有最大滑翔距离的最优弹道.滑翔弹实现最大升阻比飞行的控制策略有升阻力系数表达式法和升阻比搜索法,针对这两种方法的不足,根据工程经验,提出一种计算量小、结构简单的新方法.以某型号滑翔弹为仿真用例,仿真结果证明了新方法的可行性和有效性;对不同类型的滑翔弹,新方法具有通用性.     

改进MPSP的高超声速滑翔飞行器滑翔段制导

针对多约束条件下高超声速滑翔飞行器滑翔段再入制导问题,提出一种改进的预测-校正制导方法。该方法基于模型预测静态规划(MPSP),将三维轨迹快速在线生成方法作为初值生成器,解决了MPSP制导方法提供猜测值困难、对于初始偏差需要重新计算参考轨迹的问题。建立了基于能量的运动学模型,推导了MPSP预测-校正制导律。探讨了初始下降段对滑翔段的影响因素,针对滑翔段初值干扰和气动参数摄动问题,进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明,改进的MPSP预测-校正制导方法能够有效利用精确的猜测值,提高了计算效率,对干扰初值和气动摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

助推-滑翔飞行器弹道分段优化研究

通过数值计算得到了升力体飞行器的气动参数,利用Radau伪谱法将助推-滑翔飞行器弹道优化问题转化为非线性规划问题,分别对主动段和滑翔段进行优化,通过仿真得到了飞行器从助推到滑翔的完整弹道,分析了主动段性能指标对飞行器最大射程的影响。研究结果表明,采用主动段关机点速度最大为性能指标的优化方案,其射程最大,且实现难度适中。     

飞行器动态滑翔的受力平衡状态

为了研究动态滑翔的物理本质,从受力平衡的角度出发,根据物理定律推导平衡方程,从数学上求解出方程解集构成的平衡曲线。以信天翁和某小型无人机在不同风梯度下滑翔为例对平衡曲线进行仿真。分析和仿真结果表明:平衡曲线是满足受力平衡的所有速度状态的集合,由上升和下降两个分支构成;上升分支只有当风梯度足够大时才存在,是动态滑翔的关键。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.