离子束抛光加工矩形离轴非球面镜

采用一种简单的方法使用线性三轴离子束系统实现了矩形离轴非球面镜的抛光加工.根据离子束材料去除机理,分析了去除函数的法向材料去除特性,并且以去除函数束径、峰值去除速率和体积去除速率为指标,评价了入射角的小扰动鲁棒性.利用相关的分析和实验结果,对矩形离轴镜的抛光加工进行了合理的简化,并在自行研制的离子束抛光机床上进行了修形...     

电凝聚法去除淡水透镜体有机物的试验研究

进行了用电凝聚法去除淡水透镜体有机物的试验研究。结果表明，电凝聚法对有机物的去除效果显著。当电极板间距d为5mm，电流密度IF为20A／m^2，水流停留时间为100s左右时，处理后水的色度降为10度以下，浊度降为2.8NTU以下；此外，还研究了不同电极板形式对处理效果的影响，发现折板电极比平板电极的处理效果更好。     

大气中二氧化碳分离技术的研究与现状

本文概要介绍了潜艇和载人航天器舱内二氧化碳分离去除的４种主要方法：碱吸收法、吸附法、电化学法和膜法,并就该技术领域的历史与现状、各种方法的优缺点和具体的应用情况,以及今后国内外的发展趋势进行了分析与评述。     

计算机控制小工具抛光技术中磨盘材料对去除函数的影响

研究了计算机控制小工具抛光(CCOP)加工中三种常用的磨盘材料对去除函数特性的影响,进一步完善材料去除模型,用以指导光学零件的加工。利用自行研制的AOCMT光学加工机床及接触式测量系统进行实验和分析。从去除函数形状、去除效率及稳定性、表面形貌三个方面进行了研究。实验结果表明:聚氨酯材料适用于粗抛光阶段;阻尼布材料适用于精抛光阶段;沥青材料适用于最后的修形加工和表面处理。     

重庆市某大厦A塔楼转换层RC梁裂缝分析与防治

以重庆市一实际工程为背景,分析了引起干缩裂缝和温度裂缝的原因,并在构件承载力满足的前提下,提出了环氧砂浆封闭裂缝的处理方法,以保证建筑物的整体性和耐久性:同时从材料的选用、施工季节、施工方式、现场管理、构造措施等几个方面提出了预防干缩裂缝和温度裂缝的措施,如选用水化热小和收缩小的水泥,控制砂石含量,降低水灰比;采用分层浇注的方式或采用补偿收缩混凝土并加以适当温度控制的方式浇注大体积混凝土;加强混凝土的养护;设置控制缝或后浇缝以及加强水平构造配筋,等等。上述处理方法和预防措施可供从事工程结构设计和施工的工程技术人员参考。     

基于CFD的磁射流抛光去除机理分析

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析了一种新型精密抛光技术——磁射流抛光的材料去除机理。磁射流抛光中,含有磨料的磁流变液射流被喷嘴出口附近的局部外加纵向磁场磁化,产生准直的硬化射流束来进行相对远距离的精密抛光。介绍了磁射流抛光的原理和实验装置,分析了磁流变液聚束射流的形成,通过一系列定点抛光实验研究了磁射流抛光工艺的材料去除分布特征,利用计算流体动力学的方法分析了垂直冲击和倾斜冲击情况下,磁流变液射流与工件表面相互作用时径向流场功率密度的分布特征。实验结果和仿真计算结果表明:磁流变液射流在工件表面径向扩展流动产生的径向剪切作用导致了材料去除;CFD方法能模拟抛光区去除率的三维分布,因此可以准确地预测抛光区形状。     

光学材料抛光亚表面损伤检测及材料去除机理

抛光后光学元件仍然存在亚表面损伤,它降低光学元件的抗激光损伤能力和光学性能,为去除抛光亚表面损伤以提升光学元件使用性能,需要对其进行准确检测和表征.首先,采用恒定化学蚀刻速率法和二次离子质谱法分别检测水解层深度和抛光杂质的嵌入深度.然后,使用原子力显微镜检测亚表面塑性划痕的几何尺寸.通过分析表面粗糙度沿深度的演变规律,研究浅表面流动层、水解层和亚表面塑性划痕间的依存关系.最后,建立抛光亚表面损伤模型,并在此基础上探讨抛光材料去除机理.研究表明:水解层内包括浅表面流动层、塑性划痕和抛光过程嵌入的抛光杂质;石英玻璃水解层深度介于76和105nm之间;抛光过程是水解反应、机械去除和塑性流动共同作用的结果.     

Java异常处理与编程方法

异常处理是程序开发的一个重要内容,异常处理的好坏关系到程序的友好程度和系统的健壮性。Java是一种纯面向对象的编程语言,其异常处理编程和普通的编程语言有很多不同的地方。分析了Java语言异常处理的内部机制,对可能出现的异常情况进行了分类,总结了编程处理异常问题时应该采用的方法以及编写异常语句使用的原则技巧。     

纳米金刚石磨料磁流变抛光材料去除机理与工艺研究

理论分析与实验验证表明,纳米金刚石磨料磁流变抛光材料去除机理是塑性剪切去除.在KDMRF-1000F磁流变抛光机床上进行工艺实验,研究抛光轮与工件表面的间隙、抛光轮转速、磁场强度对峰值去除效率和表面粗糙度的影响.工艺实验表明,去除函数具有良好的稳定性和重复性,2.5h以内峰值去除效率稳定在±0.3%以内,体积去除效率稳定在±0.5%以内.直径202mm(有效口径95%)的HIP SiC平面镜采用子孔径拼接测量方法,经过磁流变粗抛(30h)和精抛(9h)后,面形误差PV值0.13μm,RMS值0.012μm,表面粗糙度RMS值2.439nm.     

植物对PAHs污染土壤修复效果的种间差异研究

采用盆栽试验法,研究了黑麦草、苏丹草、油菜对土壤中菲、芘的去除效果,及植物和微生物去除土壤中菲、芘的交互效应。结果显示：菲、芘质量比约为80 mg.kg-1时,土壤-植物系统对菲、芘的去除效果明显。种植黑麦草、苏丹草、油菜60 d后,土壤菲、芘降解率分别为62.70%,76.25%,26.48%和47.80%,65.26%,23.56%,分别比无植物对照高39.69%,53.24%,3.47%和30.06%,47.48%,5.78%。本实验说明,植物可以促进微生物对土壤中菲、芘的降解,其中根系发达的苏丹草对微生物降解的促进作用最为显著。     

火箭推进剂废水的危害及其治理

我国目前常用的推进剂是以偏二甲肼、四氧化二氮为主的液体双组元推进剂,其毒性为Ⅲ级。文中主要论述了推进剂废水对水体、土壤的污染和对人体健康、牲畜、渔业等的危害,以及臭氧-紫外线、自然净化等治理方法,并提出了加强管理、开发新的废水处理方法的建议。     

国外核现场放射性污染处理与研究

介绍了目前国外在核现场处理方面的技术途径以及采用的放射性去污和治理方法,分析了这些方法的优点和效果,并提出了适合中国国情的治理技术。     

某军事区域土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

以华北某军事区域的打靶场为研究对象,监测并分析了土壤中重金属Pb和Cu的质量比,分别为25.90～396.50mg/kg,12.13～5173.00mg/kg;并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了采样区的污染状况。评价结果表明:Pb和Cu的单因子污染指数在落弹区最高,分别达到了390.12和4.61,内梅罗综合污染指数达到了308.88;落弹区剖面分析结果显示打靶场土壤1m左右深度的重金属含量依然很高,表明在落弹区Pb和Cu的污染尤为严重。分析认为弹头是重金属污染的主要来源,残留在土壤中的弹头会给土壤带来持久性的重金属污染。     

FACILITATING NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT: Verified Declarations of Fissile Material Stocks and Production

Unprecedented interest in seeking progress toward nuclear disarmament exists today; even some nuclear weapon states are looking for new ways to strengthen this process. National declarations of fissile material holdings—highly enriched uranium and plutonium—could play an important role in supporting this effort, facilitating not only transparency but also the irreversibility of the process. This article discusses what kind of content such declarations could have in order to be meaningful and effective, the sequence of data on fissile material holdings that states might release, and some of the challenges to be expected in reconstructing historic fissile material production; it also summarizes current attitudes of weapon states toward making such declarations. Initial declarations can be valuable as confidence-building measures, but better and more background data are necessary if declarations are to serve as the groundwork for deeper cuts in the nuclear arsenals. A robust verification approach would ultimately require inspectors to have access to fissile material production and storage sites. The methods and tools of nuclear forensic analysis—in this context also dubbed nuclear archaeology—would be a key element of this process. This article discusses the capabilities and limitations of potential approaches to verifying declarations of historic production of plutonium and highly enriched uranium; it also identifies and discusses opportunities for further research and development.     

EDITOR'S NOTE

This article offers a survey of risks that might arise for strategic stability (defined as a situation with a low probability of major-power war) with the reduction of US and Russian nuclear arsenals to “low numbers” (defined as 1,000 or fewer nuclear weapons on each side). These risks might include US anti-cities targeting strategies that are harmful to the credibility of extended deterrence; renewed European anxiety about a US-Russian condominium; greater vulnerability to Russian noncompliance with agreed obligations; incentives to adopt destabilizing “launch-on-warning” strategies; a potential stimulus to nuclear proliferation; perceptions of a US disengagement from extended deterrence; increased likelihood of non-nuclear arms competitions and conflicts; and controversial pressures on the UK and French nuclear forces. Observers in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) states who consider such risks significant have cited four possible measures that might help to contain them: sustained basing of US nonstrategic nuclear weapons in Europe; maintaining a balanced US strategic nuclear force posture; high-readiness means to reconstitute US nuclear forces; and enhanced US and allied non-nuclear military capabilities. These concrete measures might complement the consultations with the NATO allies that the United States would in all likelihood seek with respect to such important adjustments in its deterrence and defense posture.     

石油洞库储油罐水雾灭火技术理论与应用研究

介绍了储油罐内水雾灭火机理及计算模型,供水强度确定方法和灭火技术特点.将水雾灭火方法与其他方法进行了比较.水雾灭火方法通过气相冷却、隔氧、吸收热辐射和穿透火焰等作用控制火势,消除火灾.水雾灭火方法具有用水少、价格低、无污染、效果好等特点,特别适宜扑救石油洞库储油罐的火灾.     

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS THE CURRENCY OF POWER

There are important similarities between the pattern of behavior Karl Marx identified with respect to commodities—a pattern he called “fetishism”—and the pattern of behavior identified in this article with respect to military force. Marx identified money as the mature expression of commodity fetishism; the author identifies nuclear weapons as the mature expression of the fetishism of force. As such, nuclear weapons function as the currency of power in the international system. This article lays out a theory of nuclear fetishism by adapting four themes that are characteristic of the pattern of behavior known as fetishism: materiality, historicality, efficacy, and reification. By applying these categories to the fetishism of nuclear weapons, the author shows that nuclear weapons represent a new social form consistent with, yet distinct from, other fetish objects.     

基于操纵件状态时序变化的车辆换挡动作识别方法

为了解决驾驶训练中乘员操纵动作难以保留和再现,而无法进行深入分析的不足,提出了用操纵件位移数据记录乘员动作,用状态变化矩阵描述动作过程,用驾驶规则中规定的动作时序特征识别乘员特定操作动作等一系列新方法,实现了车辆驾驶动作的数字化记录、智能化识别和自动化评估。     

Covert radio communications: a viable tactic for international terrorists?

Covert operations by underground groups, such as transnational terrorists, are not new and neither are the methods members of these groups use to communicate in their shadowy world. In this regard, one of the enduring myths is that the main means these covert operatives use to communicate within their cell structure are telephones and emails in their various manifestations. This article critically discusses the possible use of wireless transmissions by transnational terrorists as a reliable form of communications. To critically discuss this proposition, a force field analysis was used to assess the theory that radio is a viable option. Implications of this study's findings are considered in terms of the ramifications they have for defence and security policy.     

【专题】登陆破障装备技术发展应用述评

登陆破障行动是联合登陆战斗中各军兵种破障力量在敌预先设置和临机设置的各种障碍物中开辟通路的行动，也是确保登陆兵突击上陆和向纵深发展进攻的前提和关键。进入21世纪，随着高新技术的不断发展，传统的破障装备和手段已经不能适应新的战场，各种新式障碍相继出现，对登陆部队的破障能力提出更高要求，破障装备体系化、破障手段精确化以及破障过程无人化成为未来破障技术的重要发展方向。本文首先简要介绍了当前世界主流的破障装备和手段，并论述了其局限性，如破障效率低、人员和弹药消耗量大以及容易形成二次障碍等，然后从破障装备体系化、破障手段精确化和破障过程无人能化三个方面对未来破障装备技术发展趋势进行了展望。