浅析俄罗斯军事刑罚制度对我国的启示

我国军事刑法与俄罗斯军事刑法都分别在本国的普通刑法中用专章加以规定,相似之处很多。在军事刑罚方面,俄罗斯有很多专门针对军人、军事犯罪的特别刑罚很值得我国借鉴。对比中国和俄罗斯两国的军事刑罚,找出我国在军事刑罚方面的不足之处,借鉴俄罗斯军事刑罚制度中的可取之处,完善我国的军事刑罚制度,使之更适应我国军事、国防的发展需要,有利于预防军事、军人犯罪,提高我国军队战斗力。     

我国刑罚制度三十年来的回顾与反思

30年来，我国刑罚制度建设取得了多方面的成就：完整的刑罚体系已基本建成；刑罚体系的设置，处处彰显刑罚人道原则；宽严相济的刑罚裁量制度已建立；有利于惩罚和改造的刑罚执行制度也已建立。但是，还存在一些不足，刑罚体系建设、刑罚执行制度、刑罚裁量制度等都有待进一步完善。     

努力锻造政治上特别过硬的民兵队伍

(一)牢牢把握思想理论武装这个根本,进一步铸牢高举旗帜、听党指挥的政治信念.当前,意识形态领域斗争异常尖锐复杂,国际国内敌对势力加紧对我国施行西化分化的战略图谋,其中很重要的一点是大力兜售"军队非党化、非政治化"和"军队国家化"等错误思想和言论,妄图改变我国武装力量的性质,改变党的绝对领导的原则制度;各种消极反动思想文化相互交织,封建迷信、贪图享乐、个人主义等思想广泛渗入现实生活,错误观点、反动宣传、暴力恐怖充斥网络,"庸俗、低俗、媚俗"文化占有一定市场,对民兵思想道德观念和理想价值追求造成严重冲击;市场经济环境下,部分民兵物质利益观念增强,牺牲奉献精神淡化.因此,各级必须牢牢把握加强思想理论武装这个根本,下大力抓好民兵思想政治建设.     

宣告刑=基本刑±补充刑量刑优化数学模型——量刑的模型化操作

量刑模型化的操作,是指应用能够真实地再现量刑系统原型的数学模型进行量刑优化和量刑综合平衡的量刑运佐.它是基于改革我国现行的经验型的量刑方法,改善和提高我国刑罚活动的质量和社会效果,而提出的一种新的量刑思路.宣告刑=基本刑±补充刑量刑优化数学模型,包括一般量刑优化数学模型和特殊量刑优化数学模型.     

预备犯的刑事责任之比较--从大陆法系刑法与我国刑法的角度

大陆法系国家刑法和我国刑法典中都存在预备犯。但是 ,关于预备犯的构成特征、刑事责任的根据、刑事责任的基础与立法模式都有着显著的差异。其原因在于大陆法系国家和我国在刑法理论的着重点、法律文化本位、乃至整个社会传统文化渊源上都迥然不同。借鉴大陆法系国家的立法模式 ,改善立法技术 ,完善我国预备犯的相关立法 ,是适应世界刑罚宽缓化的潮流 ,加大人权保护力度的必然要求。     

宽严相济刑事政策的刑法化研究

和谐社会语境下的宽严相济的刑事政策是传统的惩办与宽大相结合刑事政策的复归，它应当是新时期的基本刑事政策。任何刑事政策都应实践性地转化为刑法规范，宽严相济的刑事政策也应当加速其刑法化的进程。我国现行刑罚结构总体上存在着“当轻不轻“‘当重不重”的倒挂性局面，应尽快修改刑法来根本扭转刑罚轻重失衡的局面。宽严相济的刑事政策强调“宽”与“严”二者不可偏废，当下风行于刑法学界的一元的轻刑论应当为我们所摒弃。     

禅宗思想对诗教审美文化的突破与超越

我国古代禅宗思想巧妙地实现了中国本土的儒道思想和西土印度的佛教思想的完美结合，同时也对我国古代语文教育产生了极大的影响。禅宗是真正中国化的佛教，它在审美主体意识、审美心理历程、审美修养途径、审美境界等方面突破与超越了我国古代的诗教审美文化，为我国当前的语文教育提供了有益的思考和启示。     

中国古代军队思想教育刍议

中国古代军事理论历来重视思想教育,开展思想教育的方法主要有:在筑牢与士卒感情基础上开展思想教育,以将领的言传身教来感召、提高士卒的思想觉悟,将传统修身理论融入思想教育等,但中国古代军队思想教育存在内容单薄、偏重刑罚等不足。     

缓刑应具备何条件

缓刑是一种执行刑罚的制度,而不是一种刑罚,是有条件的不执行刑罚。也就是说,对一些特定的犯罪分子,在其具备了法定条件后,可以在一定时段不予关押,暂缓其刑罚的执行。适用缓刑的条件有两个:一是被判处拘役、3年以下有期徒刑的特定的犯罪人员。判刑3年以上或累犯的,都不能适用缓     

长信短复

问:什么叫缓刑?缓刑是一种什么刑罚?什么情况才判缓刑?判了缓刑是什么结果? 答:缓刑,是对于判处拘役或三年以下有期徒刑,确实不致再危害社会的犯罪分子,在一定的考验期内,如果没有再犯新罪,缓刑考验期满,原判的刑罚(刑期)就不再执行的一项刑罚制度。 缓刑本身不是一种刑罚,而是依附于原判刑罚(刑期)而存在的一种执行刑罚的方法。缓刑不能单独适用(判     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.