过程速率有限对卡诺制冷机制冷系数与利润率间关系的影响

本文讨论在给定的热源温度和压缩比的情况下,涉及活塞惯性且过程进行的速率有限,只考虑传热不可逆影响的内可逆卡诺制冷机的制冷系数与利润率的关系,得到了一些有意义的结论,为实际制冷机设计提供了一个新的理论依据。     

一类较为完善的不可逆制冷机模型及其最优化

在考虑工质与热源间热阻损失的内可逆卡诺制冷机模型基础上,用一常数项表示热源间的热漏,用一常系数项表示循环中除热阻和热漏外的其余所有不可逆性（如摩擦、涡流、惯性效应等）,提出了一类较为完善的不可逆卡诺制冷机模型,并对此不可逆制冷机模型进行优化分析,导出了其最佳制冷率与制冷系数间的优化关系和最大制冷系数及其相应的制冷率。由定义的一常数项和一常系数项可定性、定量地分析不可逆性对循环性能的影响,所得结果包含了有关文献的一些特例。最后,给出了详细的数值算例,说明本模型的有效性。     

1／2自旋量子热泵的生态学优化性能

研究以１／２自旋量子费密系统为工质的内可逆卡诺热泵的生态学优化性能,得到了Ｅ目标最大时量子热泵的最佳泵热率、最佳致热系数以及最佳熵产率。     

内可逆卡诺热泵的生态学优化性能

本文导出了内可逆卡诺热泵的供热量、供热率和供热系数的耗散量,以反映热泵供热率π与其耗散φ_cT_Lσ,即热泵熵产率σ、低温热源温度T_L和可逆供热系数φ_c乘积之间最佳折衷的“生态学”性能E=π-φ_cT_Lσ为目标,基于牛顿和线性唯象传热定律,研究内可逆卡诺热泵的优化问题,得到最大E性能时的供热系数界限及相应的供热率和熵产率。     

基于D-S证据理论的飞机空气制冷机寿命趋势分析

针对飞机空气制冷机的寿命趋势分析问题,为了提高预测精度,提出了基于改进D-S证据理论融合的飞机空气制冷机寿命趋势分析方法。分别采用SVM、BP神经网络和GRNN神经网络预测模型对飞机空气制冷机的寿命进行趋势分析;然后采用改进的D-S证据理论求取每个模型的基本信度值,可使预测效果好的模型具有更大的信度值;最后通过D-S合成法则对得到的可信度进行分析评价并合成,确立最终的组合预测模型。研究表明,经过改进的证据理论融合后的趋势预测模型,能很好地实现对飞机空气制冷机的趋势分析和寿命预测,该方法有效可行。     

具有热阻、热漏和内部耗散的联合制冷机性能

建立一类存在热阻、热漏和内部耗散的定常态流联合制冷机循环模型,并研究其性能优化,导出制冷系数、制冷率基本优化关系和最大制冷系数及其相应的制冷率．给出了传热面积的最佳值和工质最佳工作温度．所得结果适用于由任意个制冷机串接而成的联合制冷循环．     

军用斯特林制冷机驱控器测试系统的分析与设计

由于对军用斯特林制冷器的使用环境要求越来越高,所以其驱动控制器已显得特别重要。控制器性能的好坏将直接影响制冷机的工作状态, 驱动控制器已成为制冷机系统的神经中枢,它控制着制冷器的工作,对整个武器系统也是至关重要的,所以对其性能参数的测试是非常关键的,有必要开发自动测试系统。     

二源间反向内可逆卡诺循环全谱分析及最佳参数的选择

本文以特征参数γ、θ表达了反向内可逆卡诺循环的全息谱,统一热源间内可逆正、反循环的特征参数与全息谱函数,并说明了以特征参数及全息谱为工具,从有限时间热力学观点确定制冷或热泵循环最佳方案的方法。     

军队人事管理生态学的建构

军队人事管理生态学是运用生态学的基本原理和研究方法,以军队人事管理生态系统为研究对象,揭示军队人事管理生态规律的一门科学。军队人事管理生态学的建构是适应时代发展的必然选择,也是军队人事管理学解决自身发展面临困境的有效办法,对丰富和发展军队人事管理学科体系,推动军队人事管理理论研究向纵深发展具有积极的促进作用。一、军队人事管理生态学的研究对象环境是军队人事管理生存和发展的基础,军队人事管理系统与环境系统在特定空间的组合构成军队人事管理生态系统。军队人事管理生态学就是以军队人事管理生态系统为研究对象的一门…     

离心式制冷机的运行管理

目前,制冷机型式多种多样,生产厂家也较多,仅适用于空调的就有溴化锂式、螺杆式、 活塞式等。目前市场上使用离心式制冷机组较多,现就该类机组的运行管理做一点介绍。在离心式制冷机的运行中,机组运行的原始记录的完整、准确,对分析机组故障原因和提 出解决措施是至关重要的。一、利用制冷的蒸发温度与冷媒水出口温度之差判别机组的蒸发器工作状态。蒸发温度与冷媒水出口温度之差随制冷机负荷的增大而加大,反之亦然。在同等负荷下, 该温差加大,表明蒸发器的传热效果降低,出现这种情况时就需要查找原因。如果冷媒水量 和机组中的制…     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.