小子样下火炮连发密集度的分析与评估

针对火炮连发模式下射弹散布不完全服从正态分布,而缺乏有效密集度估计方法的问题,提出了基于二维云模型和蒙特卡罗方法相结合的火炮连发密集度估计新方法。首先应用蒙特卡罗抽样解决火炮射击样本量少的问题,然后应用二维逆向云算法对火炮射击结果进行密集度估计,最后用二维正向云发生器模拟生成新的射弹散布数据,进而直观地看出弹点分布情况。实例分析表明,该方法更符合火炮连发射弹散布真实情形,分析结果更准确可靠,从而为基地火炮连发密集度试验数据分析与评估提供了一种有效的方法。     

要地防空弹炮结合武器系统射击时机分析

针对要地防空弹炮结合武器系统中防空导弹、火炮弹丸飞行速度和射击远近界的不同而产生的"在何时用何种武器进行射击"的问题,分析了防空导弹、火炮的弹丸飞行速度与时间的关系,在典型目标航路条件下对2种武器的射击时机进行了研究,得到在有效射击区域内防空导弹和火炮弹丸的飞行时间曲线,进而得出准确的射击时机。仿真结果验证了结论的正确性和有效性。     

基于多单片机系统的小口径火炮激光光幕靶设计

针对高射速、高射频火炮射速和密集度检测的难题,应用光电检测和单片机技术,研究设计了一种以多单片机系统为核心,适用于高射速、高射频小口径火炮射速和密集度检测的激光光幕靶系统。提出了一种新的激光光幕设计方案,推导了弹着点计算公式,阐述了系统中的关键技术。在实验室条件下进行了弹射枪模拟实验,结果表明:激光光幕靶操作简便,工作稳定可靠,能够有效克服自然光干扰,检测速度快,精度高。     

膨胀波——未来“战神”新利器

近年来,国外军事专家在研制FCS“未来战斗系统”过程中,发现了一种全新的火炮推进技术,并运用这种新的推进技术成功地研制出一种新型火炮——膨胀波火炮。有关专家认为,在未来一段时间内,这种全新的火炮设计方法将会得到普遍的运用与推广,前景十分广阔。研究发现,当火炮发射时,药筒装药燃烧后的强大动力会将弹丸推向炮口方向,从而将弹丸发射至一定距离的目标区内。如果火药气体在炮膛内推进弹丸时,炮尾突然打开,药室内压力会骤然降低。这种压力降低现象就叫膨胀波现象。如果能人为地控制好炮尾打开的时机和速度,使弹丸在一定的时间内飞离…     

装填条件对膨胀波火炮弹道设计评价标准的影响

膨胀波火炮利用发射过程中精确打开炮闩的方法实现了在不降低弹丸初速的前提下,大幅度减小火炮后坐的目的.采用经典内弹道理论对膨胀波火炮发射过程进行了建模与仿真,计算并分析了药室容积、装药量、弹丸质量等装填参数对膨胀波火炮有效功率、炮膛工作容积利用率和火药相对燃烧结束位置等弹道设计评价标准的影响规律,为膨胀波火炮弹药系统设计及实际应用提供了理论参考.     

某车载速射迫击炮连发射击及炮口振动特性分析

火炮射击时的炮口振动是影响火炮射击密集度的关键因素之一。某车载速射迫击炮采用炮闩浮动式自动机构来实现连发射击,为研究该炮连发射击时的动力学特性,建立了考虑悬挂和轮胎参数的全炮动力学模型。利用ADAMS中的函数以及传感器功能,实现了炮闩浮动式自动机构连发时炮膛合力的准确施加,分析了连发射击时的炮口振动特性。该方法具有通用性,对采用浮动式自动机构,前冲定点击发的武器均适用。结果表明,该方法使得炮闩浮动前冲击发过程更加符合实际情况,炮口振动特性与实验相符。为该武器系统的后续研究提供了参考依据。     

某复合增程弹弹体断裂原因诊断及对策

为探寻某复合增程弹弹体断裂原因并给出相应的解决措施,对弹体残骸和发射火炮进行了详细检测,建立了弹丸在正常受力和非正常受力情况下弹体所承受剪切应力的计算方法,并作了相应计算,从而确定了弹体发生断裂的原因。与此同时,提出了相应的改进措施,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,弹体发生断裂是弹体结构本身以及火炮环境等多方面因素作用的结果,通过优化弹丸结构可以实现满足发射强度要求。研究结果可为相类似弹丸的设计提供参考。     

小口径火炮弹丸初速误差校正的必要性及方法

小口径火炮系统中的弹丸初速误差是引起脱靶量的一个重要误差源[2]。本文从弹丸初速误差引起脱靶量的大小上说明了对弹丸初速误差校正的必要性。针对多卜勒火控雷达可以提供弹丸初速这一特点,对多管小口径火炮设计了一种弹丸初速误差校正的方法,并在计算机上进行了模拟计算,得出了令人满意的结果。     

振动对臂式输弹机的影响分析及测试

大口径火炮输弹过程中弹丸卡膛行程不一致会导致火炮发射药室容积、弹丸起动压力差异,影响火炮射击初速和射击精度。为了提高某臂式自动输弹机的弹丸定位精度,首先通过高速摄影发现弹丸在入膛后会产生在重力方向的振动,消耗弹丸动能造成卡弹力不一致。通过分析臂式输弹机工作机理,明确输弹过程中各个部件的运动关系,对输弹机构在静止状态和运动状态进行受力分析,确定造成弹丸振动激励源的位置,利用激光位移传感器测试了该点振动的幅值及频率。最后提出了输弹机的改进方案以消除振动对输弹稳定性的影响。     

膨胀波火炮膨胀波速度和行程的数值仿真

膨胀波火炮利用弹丸在膛内运行到一定位置时提前开闩的方法，实现了在不降低弹丸初速的前提下大幅度减小火炮后坐的目的。根据膨胀波火炮的工作原理，主要针对膨胀波火炮2种不同开闩方式分别进行讨论，着重对最新设计研制的双门式炮闩膨胀波火炮进行内弹道建模与仿真，并且计算膨胀波速度和行程，进而获得最佳开闩时机。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.