聚二甲基硅烷高压合成聚碳硅烷的组成与结构分析

以聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)为原料,在高压釜内450℃下反应6h,制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体。对其组成及结构进行了表征,推测了PCS的大致结构模型。研究表明,PCS分子包含Si CH3、Si CH2 Si、Si H组成的SiC4、SiC3H等结构单元,实验式为SiC1.87H7.13O0.03。与常压高温裂解制备的软化点相近的PCS相比,二者的元素组成基本一致,高压合成的PCS具有较高的分子量和硅氢含量,但支化度略高。     

液态聚硅烷高温高压合成聚碳硅烷工艺研究

以聚二甲基硅烷裂解制备的液态聚硅烷(LPS)为原料,在高压釜内高温高压反应制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体,研究了合成条件对反应终压、Si H键含量、产物产率、软化点、分子量分布及可纺性的影响。研究表明,随着反应温度的提高、反应时间的延长,反应终压逐渐增大,产物的分子量与软化点增高,但同时分子量的分散性增大,使可纺性变差。当LPS在高压釜内460℃下反应3～4h,或450℃下反应6～7h时,可以制得软化点约为210～230℃的PCS,其高分子部分含量约5wt%～10wt%,Si H键含量大于0.9,可纺性较好,适合于制备SiC纤维。     

从LPS馏分出发合成先驱体聚碳硅烷

采用将液态聚硅烷(LPS)蒸馏分级的方法,从各个馏分出发合成制备了先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)。运用GPC等分析测试手段考察比较了各个馏分的差异对在相同条件下所合成聚碳硅烷的分子量及其分子量分布特性的影响。研究表明:在同等条件下,采用以LPS蒸馏分级的方法再从各个馏分出发合成制备先驱体聚碳硅烷的总平均收率比未从经分级处理的LPS出发合成先驱体PCS的收率高35%左右;从200℃以下馏分出发可以合成制备超高分子量的先驱体PCS。     

聚碳硅烷的高温高压合成与减压蒸馏

采用高温高压法合成了聚碳硅烷(PCS),通过改变合成条件与减压蒸馏温度的方法对PCS分子量及其分布进行调控。研究表明,改变PCS的反应温度、反应时间,可以基本控制PCS的分子量及其分布范围。随着反应温度的提高,反应时间的延长,PCS的分子量逐渐增大,分子量分布变宽。当合成温度高于450℃,反应时间大于6h时,或温度高于460℃,反应时间大于4h时,PCS中出现高分子量部分。随着反应条件的强化,高分子量部分逐渐增加,甚至出现超高分子量部分。提高减压蒸馏温度,可以有效降低PCS的低分子含量,提高分子量,降低分散系数。减压蒸馏温度每提高50℃,PCS的低分子含量约降低8%,重均分子量约提高1000,分散系数平均降低约0.3。     

PDMS/PVC制备低电阻率碳化硅纤维先驱体聚碳硅烷

由聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)与3%～7%wt聚氯乙烯(PVC)共热解反应生成的聚碳硅烷(PC P),是制备力学性能优良的低电阻率碳化硅纤维的先驱体。研究了PC P先驱体的合成条件,利用GPC、IR、XPS、元素分析等手段对PC P先驱体的组成与结构进行了分析,并初步探讨了PDMS与PVC反应机理。     

高压合成聚碳硅烷的沉淀与复配

研究了沉淀与复配两种调控高压合成聚碳硅烷(PCS)分子量及其分布的方法。研究表明,在PCS的良溶剂(如二甲苯)溶液中加入沉淀剂(如丙酮)比例超过临界点后,PCS中分子量越高的部分越先沉淀出来,从而降低了PCS的软化点、分子量和分散系数,PCS的高、中、低分子量的比例得到调节。复配是将不同分子量分布的PCS均匀地混合在一起,其分子量、软化点和高、中、低各部分的含量基本符合混合率的关系。因此,可以按照混合率来设计所需PCS的软化点、分子量及高、中、低分子含量。     

复合材料专题-Si(Al)C纤维先驱体聚铝碳硅烷的合成*

采用低分子量固态聚碳硅烷(PCS)和乙酰丙酮铝([Al(acac)3])为原料,利用Si-H与[Al(acac)3]之间的交联反应合成适于多孔连续熔融纺丝的聚铝碳硅烷(PACS)。研究了反应条件对产物数均分子量、软化点和组成结构的影响及交联反应程度和可纺性之间的联系。结果表明,随着反应温度的升高和时间的延长,反应程度提高,残余乙酰丙酮基减少,Si-O-Al交联支化结构增多,分子量和软化点增大,可纺性随之下降。当[Al(acac)3]投料比为8wt%时,在370°C下反应4-6h,可得到软化点为206~221°C,Alwt%=0.68%,具有良好可纺性的PACS     

超高分子量聚碳硅烷的合成及其表征

采用正交设计的方法从常压合成得到的中低分子量PCS出发进行热压合成制备超高分子量PCS;并运用红外、GPC、核磁共振等分析测试手段对其结构和性能进行了表征。研究表明:控制热压反应温度在460~470℃、预加压力1~2MPa、反应6h时得到超高分子量PCS的重均分子量在6400~8500;通过控制热压反应时间可以较好的调控超高分子PCS的分子量大小;热压合成后制得的超高分子量PCS的支化度和Si-H键含量有所降低。     

聚碳硅烷／二乙烯基苯快速升温裂解制备Cf/SiC复合材料

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)/二乙烯基苯(DVB)为先驱体,采用快速升温裂解制备了3D-B Cf/SiC复合材料.结果证明:裂解升温速率的提高可以大大缩短制备周期,同时可以提高材料密度和形成较好的界面结合,从而提高材料的力学性能.制备得到的Cf/SiC材料室温弯曲强度达到556.7MPa.     

聚碳硅烷表面张力的测定及其对纤维异形度的影响机理

采用改进的滴重法测定了先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)的表面张力,并探讨了表面张力对三叶形聚碳硅烷原丝异形度的影响机理。通过对纤维截面形貌的扫描电镜分析,发现表面张力对三叶形PCS纤维异形截面的形成有着较大的影响,它和粘滞阻力相互竞争的共同作用决定了三叶形PCS纤维异形度的大小。研究表明,先驱体PCS的表面张力与温度基本上呈线性关系,温度越高,PCS的表面张力就越小。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.