水下缩比航行体热尾流的红外探测实验

根据缩比模型,建立缩比红外成像实验测试系统,对水下航行体的体积、航行深度、运动速度、尾流排放等进行缩比设计,设计多种实验工况,可实现缩比目标模型红外尾流的静态和动态测试。一方面明确红外尾流的可探测性,另一方面掌握红外尾流可探测性的影响因素以及红外尾流的变化规律,为下一步工作奠定基础。缩比实验结果表明,利用区域灰度均值和均方差的起伏变化可有效探测水下航行体水面尾迹。     

水下缩比航行体热尾流的红外探测实验研究

根据缩比模型,建立了缩比红外成像实验测试系统,对水下航行体的体积、航行深度、运动速度、尾流排放等进行了缩比设计,设计了多种实验工况,可实现缩比目标模型红外尾流的静态和动态测试,一方面明确红外尾流的可探测性,另一方面掌握红外尾流可探测性的影响因素以及红外尾流的变化规律,为下一步工作奠定基础。     

基于雷达海面回波的水下潜艇非声探测

由于潜艇降噪技术的提高,使得传统的声纳设备对水下潜艇的探测变得越来越困难.根据水下潜艇在运动时形成的尾流、尾迹,引起海面雷达后向散射系数发生"异常"这一特征,提出了一种直接利用雷达海面回波信号来探测水下潜艇的方法,并利用计算机仿真实验对此探测方法的实验结果进行了分析评估,为研究潜艇的非声探测提供了有价值的参考.     

波浪作用下水下航行体出水成功概率预报

为了实现实测波浪作用下水下航行体出水成功概率预报,为潜艇作战提供一种水下发射的快速预报方法,基于边界元方法建立了水下航行体出水姿态计算模型,对不同波浪条件下水下航行体出水姿态参数进行了计算。同时,将不同波浪条件下的出水姿态参数进行集成,形成了规则波浪数据库。以渤海湾某时间段的实测海况作为发射环境,建立符合瑞利分布的波高概率分布模型,将尾部触水俯仰角作为判定条件,对实测波浪下水下航行体出水成功概率进行预报。计算结果表明,在考虑最恶劣工况下,相对于静水条件下的出水俯仰角偏差随着波高的增加而减小;相同波高下,受到出水相位的影响,出水俯仰角偏差呈余弦变化规律。该预报方法对于潜艇作战判定发射时机具有一定参考价值,为水下发射的成功概率预报提供参考。     

美不愿公开的“皮动潜艇”——襁褓中的杀手

潜艇尽管对海面舰船的生存构成了很大威胁,但是,随着反潜武器的发展,潜艇的生存也同样受到了威胁。这主要因为潜艇在航行中,一是艇内机器的运转会产生噪声,容易被敌人声呐探测到;二是这种以特种钢材制作的艇体在运行时还会发射红外线,容易被探测到并受到热寻的鱼雷的攻击;三是运行中的潜艇还会有尾流并排出废气,很难不被安装了日益提高“电子鼻”灵敏度的     

水下平板结构声振耦合分析的等效源法研究

水下航行体在水下辐射的噪声是水下目标探测的主要信息来源，快速精确地计算其辐射噪声特征参数对于结构的声辐射预报与控制具有十分重要意义。不同于空气中结构声辐射的预报，重流体介质如水中结构的噪声计算，由于结构振动和声场之间存在的耦合作用以及边界面上计算中存在的奇异积分问题，导致传统的边界元方法在计算效率和精度上受到一定限制。为此，利用波叠加原理，通过在结构内部分布点声源等效模拟振动产生的结构外声场，并根据结构与介质的边界连续性条件和体积速度匹配原则，构建了声振耦合动力学方程，以求解相应的等效源强度，进一步计算了声功率等声学参数。以水下置于无限大障板上的矩形板为案例，采用所提方法计算其声功率，并与解析解进行对比，证明了该等效源法的有效性。     

坦克热烟气红外辐射特征数值分析

为了研究坦克热烟气红外辐射特征,针对某型坦克柴油机,利用GT-SUITE建立了仿真计算模型,通过后处理模块模拟得到了排烟管排出的主要辐射气体的摩尔分数。建立了一种能够快速计算热烟气流场和温度场分布的数值计算模型,得到了热烟气温度场和压力场分布结果。提出了一种基于Malkmus模型的非均匀气体光谱透过率的计算方法,得到了热烟气的光谱透过率。在此基础上建立了一种基于红外探测方向离散的热烟气红外辐射计算模型,模拟了某高空飞行器热烟气在2～5μm波带的相对红外辐射强度分布,并与试验数据进行了对比,验证了模型的可靠性。最后模拟计算了坦克热烟气在不同红外探测角度下的红外辐射特征,分析了在红外探测方向上造成红外辐射特征衰减的影响因素。     

气动光学窗口热辐射效应建模研究

飞行器在大气层内高速飞行时产生严重的气动光学效应,光学窗口因气动加热,温度急剧升高,产生强烈的红外辐射,形成辐射干扰,导致红外探测器产生非均匀辐射背景,严重影响成像质量,降低接收系统的信噪比和探测距离。主要研究窗口热辐射效应,使用有限元分析法,将光学窗口划分成规则网格,计算每个网格的辐射能,运用光线追迹法,得到像面上的辐射分布及像元上的辐通量。最后利用所建立的模型对均匀温度和存在温度梯度的窗口进行了仿真。     

水下航行体惯性类水动力系数的计算方法

为了系统地计算水下航行体全套惯性类水动力系数,提高计算效率和计算精度,通过基于无粘模型的计算方法对水下航行体的运动进行了预报;通过UDF及动网格技术,对匀速运动和匀加速运动的SUBOFF模型进行了分析.设计了单方向速度线性变化的匀加速直线运动和匀加速回转运动,并通过换算和数值拟合处理得到了潜艇所受的惯性力和惯性类水动力系数.该系数与试验误差保证在6％之内,验证了所提方法的可行性及准确性.     

水下航行体尾流磁异常的计算方法

本文从磁流体动力学基本方程出发,通过对各物理量进行量级分析,导出了水下航行体诱导海流在地磁场中引起磁异常的计算公式,给出了计算方法。作为例子,对水下旋成体尾流引起磁异常的大小进行了量级估计。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.