基于CPCRLB和动态成簇机制的混合WSN目标跟踪算法

针对传统的基于静态节点的无线传感器网络（wireless sensor network,WSN）电池容量有限、节点移动受限的问题,提出了一种基于条件后验克拉美-罗下界（conditional posterior cramer-rao lower bounds,CPCRLB）的混合WSN的目标跟踪调度算法。该算法引入移动节点来参与目标跟踪,根据目标预测位置对移动节点进行运动控制,同时利用基于CPCRLB的信息效用函数选择静态节点,实现每一时刻目标的动态成簇策略。此外,还提出了一种基于运动学的预测机制,利用分区域管理的方法进一步提高跟踪精度,减少能量消耗,并能够有效避免目标丢失现象。仿真结果表明,该算法可以有效地对目标进行跟踪,在保证跟踪精度的同时相比静态网络节省了大量的能耗。     

基于改进自适应聚类的无线传感器目标跟踪算法

针对无线传感器网络目标跟踪中跟踪精度与传感器节能问题进行研究,提出基于预测的簇头自适应聚类算法,该算法采用动态聚类算法,通过考虑传感器节点剩余能量、节点到汇聚的距离和节点到运动目标的距离3个参数,最大限度地减少簇头与基站间的远程通信,节约网络能量,延长网络寿命,降低目标漏失概率,加入预测机制,采用线性预测的方法预测跟踪...     

基于自适应动态分簇的二元传感器网络目标跟踪算法

针对二元传感器网络的目标跟踪问题,提出了一种通过设置簇内传感器节点数目门限自适应地调整簇的激活半径、利用少量被激活的节点进行跟踪的方法,并利用一种改进的分布式粒子滤波算法进行目标位置估计以减少粒子数和计算量。仿真结果表明:与传统的IDSQ算法相比,所提出的算法能够在保证一定跟踪精度的基础上,有效降低网络的能量消耗,提高网络寿命。     

基于神经网络的混合双滤波器自适应目标跟踪算法

在分析近期基于神经网络数据融合的目标跟踪算法的基础上,结合一种新的自适应滤波模型(NAF)和速度估计自适应跟踪算法(AVE),提出了基于神经网络混合双滤波器的机动目标自适应跟踪算法(NHDF).该算法通过在线自动调节网络输出进行过程噪声方差融合,降低了现有算法因系统方差的调整不当而带来的精度损失.理论分析及仿真结果证明,与"当前"统计模型、速度自适应模型和新的自适应模型算法相比,该算法具有跟踪精度高,自适应能力强的优点.     

基于IMM-UKF的网络化作战目标跟踪算法

针对网络化作战中单探测节点对机动目标的运动模型不确定性导致滤波精度低,为提高目标跟踪的稳定性和精确性,提出了多节点探测跟踪算法。基于网络体系中信息的共享需求,建立网络探测节点的目标跟踪模型;通过网络探测节点目标跟踪需求和实战要求发现目标经常有多种运动状态并存现象,而单一模型的滤波器不能满足对机动目标跟踪性能的要求。因此,探测节点采用了基于交互式多模型(IMM)的无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法进行状态估计,融合中心将各节点发送的目标状态估计融合后进行状态估计,有效地降低了目标机动造成的模型误差,提高了跟踪性能。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法提高了网络节点对机动目标的跟踪精度,并且收敛速度快,有较强的鲁棒性和实用性。     

WSNs中基于鸡群优化算法选择簇头的簇路由

能量是无线传感网络(Wireless Sensor Networks,WSNs)的重要资源.有效地利用节点能量可延长网络寿命.簇技术是提高资源分配、缓解网络能耗的有效策略.提出基于鸡群优化算法选择簇头的簇路由(Chicken Swarm Optimization-based Cluster Head Selecting Clustering Routing,CSO-CHS).CSO-CHS路由先从能量角度构建目标函数,再利用鸡群优化算法产生最优鸡群,进而形成最优的簇.通过最优的簇,平衡节点间能耗,进而实现延长网络寿命的目的 .仿真结果表明,相比于同类算法,CSO-CHS路由缓解了节点能耗速度,延长了网络寿命.     

新颖的冗余节点无线传感网能量感知分簇算法

针对一类具有冗余节点的无线传感网,提出了一种新颖的能量感知的动态分簇算法NEAC。它基于动态分簇路由机制,根据节点分布密集程度簇内分布一定数量的休眠节点,在数据传输阶段,这些休眠节点不感知和发送数据,当簇首节点的能量消耗达到一定阈值后需要重新轮换簇首,它们被唤醒并根据休眠节点和簇首轮换机制实现快速簇首和休眠节点选举以平衡节点间的能耗。仿真结果表明,与典型的分簇协议相比,NEAC能够更好地平衡节点的能耗,获得更长的网络生存期。     

基于多智能体的传感器网络协同目标跟踪技术研究

针对传感器网络中的协同目标跟踪问题,分析了基于多智能体理论的分布式协同策略,提出了一种基于动态联盟的传感器网络协同目标跟踪框架,分析了系统中的智能体构成,提出了联盟中基于贝叶斯估计的Manage Agent的数据融合算法,讨论了Manage Agent的选举算法。理论分析表明,多智能体理论能够较好地适用于传感器网络的协同目标跟踪问题。     

基于IMM-RUASFF的网络化目标跟踪算法

针对目前网络化目标跟踪算法存在实时性差、精度低等问题进行了研究。首先,基于网络信息共享需求,建立了网络探测节点的目标跟踪模型;其次,网络探测节点目标跟踪需求和实战要求发现目标经常是有多种运动状态并存,而单一模型的滤波器不能满足对机动目标跟踪性能的要求,采用了基于交互式多模型(Interacting Multiple Model,IMM)的有反馈实时更新的异步状态融合算法。最后,针对多个探测节点目标跟踪的状态融合估计问题,提出了一种有反馈实时更新的异步状态融合算法,通过仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

基于节点剩余能量的分时分簇LEACH改进算法

针对无线传感网络中高效路由协议的设计问题,基于传感器节点的剩余能量提出一种分时分簇的改进LEACH算法。算法通过分时分簇方式,有效克服了传统LEACH算法中簇首数目不稳定的缺陷,且不会额外增加网络的能耗,使得簇首在整个网络中的分布以及网络的能量消耗更加均衡,有效延长了传感器网络的正常工作时间。仿真实验验证了改进算法的有效性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.