支持社会技术系统构造的程序设计模型和语言

互联网上越来越多软件系统呈现出社会与技术交融、环境多样和开放、系统动态和演化等特点,如何支持这类复杂软件系统的构造是软件工程面临的一项重要挑战。通过将社会技术系统视为多Agent组织,把社会组织学的概念和思想引入到面向Agent程序设计范畴,提出了以Agent、组织、角色和职位为核心的基于组织程序模型来支持社会技术系统的开发;通过对多Agent组织不同层次动态性的识别和分析,设计了一组程序设计机制来实现社会技术系统的动态演化;包括角色绑定和组合机制、基于角色的交互机制以及组织的自我管理机制。基于上述模型和机制,提出了社会技术系统程序设计语言OragentL,给出了OragentL程序在组织、角色和组合三个层次的语法形式定义,介绍了OragentL的编译器及其运行支撑环境OragentBurg,并通过案例分析和演示展示了研究成果的有效性。     

基于AUML的装备维修保障系统建模

AUML(Agent Unified Modeling Language)是一种基于扩展UML的多Agent系统建模方法。针对当前基于Agent的装备维修保障系统建模存在的不足,尝试采用AUML技术来实现对装备维修保障系统的建模。通过组织目标分析,建立了系统的角色模型,采用Agent类图和扩展的UML顺序图分别建立了装备维修保障系统的静态模型和动态模型,较好地描述了系统中各Agent的结构及其交互关系。     

网络化作战组织的探索性建模与优化方法

本文以计算组织理论以及探索性分析方法为基础,提出对网络化作战组织进行效能优化的探索性建模和优化方法.通过对信息化战场作战组织及其组织要素的建模,建立动态适应使命与环境变化的作战组织模型;通过对作战组织及其组织要素多类角色和多个维度的相互关系以及相应信息流、控制流的结构建模分析,建立并优化作战组织及其组织要素之间的关于多种使命环境、组织属性的重叠网络模型.通过探索性分析方法,研究信息化战场网络作战组织的动态重构的离散时态演化机制.     

以网络为中心的指挥控制组织探索性分析

以计算组织理论以及探索性分析方法为基础,提出对以网络为中心的指挥控制(Command Control, C2)组织的探索性分析方法的进行效能优化的探索性建模和优化方法.通过对信息化战场指挥控制组织及其组织要素的建模,建立动态适应使命与环境变化的指挥控制组织模型;通过对指挥控制组织及其组织要素多类角色和多个维度的相互关系以及相应信息流、控制流的结构建模分析,建立并优化指挥控制组织及其组织要素之间的关于多种使命环境、组织属性的重叠网络模型.通过探索性分析方法,研究信息化战场网络指挥控制组织的动态重构的离散时态演化机制,并对指挥控制组织网络构成的有效性进行测度和优化.     

基于多Agent的战场情报侦察仿真模型

为了开展未来信息化战场情报侦察先期概念技术演示,通过采用基于多Agent的仿真方法,把情报侦察系统的内部组元直接映射成相应的Agent,研究了基于多Agent的战场情报侦察仿真系统总体框架和仿真系统基本单元Agent的框架;并进一步研究了Agent之间的任务分解、信息交换、选择与排序、分配过程。构建的仿真模型,以Agent的表现形式获得了对战场情报侦察这一客观、复杂过程的深刻认识,从而可实现对这种动态作战环境行为的仿真。     

面向Agent的巡航导弹武器控制系统体系结构设计

面向Agent方法适用于巡航导弹武器控制系统(CMWCS)的体系结构设计.根据CMWCS的概念和递阶智能控制思想,建立了CMWCS的多Agent系统框架,明确了其职责分配、组织结构、通信和协作机制;采用"以人为中心的人机一体化"方法,设计了飞行监控Agent的结构,基于混合式Agent的构造方法设计了航迹编排Agent的结构,并给出了二者的模型描述.     

用户组在RBAC模型中的应用

基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)机制中角色分层不能反映部门的组织结构、不适用大量用户的系统。通过引入用户组使系统的组织层次在用户组的层次结构中得到反映,对用户组的授权代替了组中所有用户的授权,解决了部门权限管理和大量用户的授权问题。基于用户组的访问控制模型在灵活和可扩展性、可接受性、机制的经济性方面具有明显的优势。     

作战系统Agent交互链的形成及其链结构变换

目前,采用基于Agent建模（Agent-Based Modeling,ABM）方法研究战术级分队层次作战系统建模,存在如何直观形象而准确地表达与实现多Agent组织模式的问题。着眼军事需求,从如何建立Agent交互链的新角度来开展作战系统建模问题研究,推动ABM方法的创新发展,深化Agent和多Agent系统（Multi-Agent System,MAS）技术研究。通过提出规范、实用的Agent交互链形成过程,确立了交互链中的链节点Agent的层次化变换机制,揭示了链节点Agent聚合／解聚和交互链结构约简／扩充同步变换的工作机理。研究结果表明：与一般的ABM方法相比,Agent交互链的形成及其链结构变换,是一种更好地实现战术级分队层次作战系统建模的新途径。     

基于Multi-Agent技术的动态电磁环境建模与仿真

针对传统的电磁环境建模方法难以准确地描述电磁环境动态变化的问题,提出了一种基于Multi-Agent技术的动态电磁环境建模方法。首先分析了电磁环境建模的层次结构;然后建立了通信电台、雷达、侦察站、干扰站的Agent实体模型,建立了Agent行动模型和Multi-Agent系统交互模型,解决了个体Agent模型设计中的感知、动作、决策及实现方法上的问题。最后设置某仿真场景,利用Netlogo仿真平台建立仿真验证系统,仿真结果验证了模型的有效性,表明了应用Multi-Agent建模方法解决电磁环境的动态模拟的可行性。     

基于Web 服务和多Agent技术的水下平台作战推演系统构建

对象智能建模、模型调用管理等是水下平台作战推演系统设计与开发过程中的难点问题。基于OODA环指挥控制描述模型，刻画了水下平台作战推演的业务流程和功能，采用Web服务和Agent建模技术，建立了一种基于Web服务和多Agent技术的水下平台作战推演系统体系结构，有效地解决了作战推演模型的智能性、重用性和扩展性等问题，并给出了智能体建模的程序框架，对水下平台作战推演系统的设计与开发等具有重要参考价值。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.