Tuning the reactivity of Al–Ni by fine coating of halogen-containing energetic composites

In this paper, various core-shell structured Al–Ni@ECs composites have been prepared by a spray-drying technique. The involved ECs refer to the energetic composites (ECs) of ammonium perchlorate/nitrocellulose (AP/NC, NA) and polyvinylidene fluoride/hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (PVDF/CL-20, PC). Two Al–Ni mixtures were prepared at atomic ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 and named as Al/Ni and Al/3Ni, respectively. The thermal reactivity and combustion behaviors of Al–Ni@ECs composites have been comprehensively investigated. Results showed that the reactivity and combustion performance of Al–Ni could be enhanced by introducing both NA and PC energetic composites. Among which the Al/Ni@NA composite exhibited higher reactivity and improved combustion performance. The measured flame propagation rate (v = 20.6 mm/s), average combustion wave temperature (T_max = 1567.0 °C) and maximum temperature rise rate (γ_t = 1633.6 °C/s) of Al/Ni@NA are higher than that of the Al/Ni (v = 15.8 mm/s, T_max = 858.0 °C, and γ_t = 143.5 °C/s). The enhancement in combustion properties could be due to presence of the acidic gaseous products from ECs, which could etch the Al₂O₃ shell on the surface of Al particles, and make the inner active Al to be easier transported, so that an intimate and faster intermetallic reaction between Al and Ni would be realized. Furthermore, the morphologies and chemical compositions of the condensed combustion products (CCPs) of Al–Ni@ECs composites were found to be different depending on the types of ECs. The compositions of CCPs are dominated with the Al–Ni intermetallics, combining with a trace amount of Al₅O₆N and Al₂O₃.     

Novel aluminum-based fuel: Facile preparation to improve thermal reactions

To improve the thermal properties of aluminum (Al) in the energetic system, a coated structure with ammonium perchlorate (AP) was prepared by a facile approach. And N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was chosen as an ideal solvent based on heterogeneous nucleation theory and molecular dynamics simulation. This coated structure could enlarge the contact area and improve the reaction environment to enhance the thermal properties. The addition of AP could accelerate oxidation temperature of Al with around 17.5 °C. And the heat release of 85@15 composition rises to 26.13 kJ/g and the reaction degree is 97.6% with higher peak pressure (254.6 kPa) and rise rate (1.397 MPa/s). An ideal ratio with 15 wt% AP was probed primarily. The high energy laser-induced shockwave experiment was utilized to simulate the reaction behavior in hot field. And the larger activated mixture of coated powder could release more energy to promote the growth of shockwave with higher speed up to 518.7 ± 55.9 m/s. In conclusion, 85@15 composition is expected to be applied in energetic system as a novel metal fuel.     

最小自由能法计算烟火药剂热值

烟火药剂的热值计算在烟火研究领域有着重要的作用．本文根据最小自由能原理,通过一系列基本假设计算出了体系燃烧爆炸反应后的热值,计算结果与实验衡量数据相吻合,并且程序可通过进一步完善,扩展应用于非理想气体,提高计算精度．     

Generation and storage dispatch in electricity networks with generator disruptions

We present methods for optimizing generation and storage decisions in an electricity network with multiple unreliable generators, each colocated with one energy storage unit (e.g., battery), and multiple loads under power flow constraints. Our model chooses the amount of energy produced by each generator and the amount of energy stored in each battery in every time period in order to minimize power generation and storage costs when each generator faces stochastic Markovian supply disruptions. This problem cannot be optimized easily using stochastic programming and/or dynamic programming approaches. Therefore, in this study, we present several heuristic methods to find an approximate optimal solution for this system. Each heuristic involves decomposing the network into several single‐generator, single‐battery, multiload systems and solving them optimally using dynamic programming, then obtaining a solution for the original problem by recombining. We discuss the computational performance of the proposed heuristics as well as insights gained from the models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 493–511, 2015     

基于截尾正态分布的最大值指标精度换算方法

提出了基于截尾正态分布的最大值指标精度换算方法,为最大值指标与常用精度指标间的精度换算,以及真值测量系统精度指标的确定提供了参考依据。该方法假设系统输出序列中各观测点的合格概率服从对数截尾正态分布;根据给定最大值指标的置信水平及序列样本量,证明并推导了截尾正态分布之截尾上限、截尾下限、均值及标准偏差的计算公式,导出了最大值精度指标与 等常用精度指标间的换算关系,最后结合精密仪器有关理论给出了最大值指标下真值测量系统精度指标的确定方法。实例应用的实验结果表明,该方法是可行的。     

废旧轮胎在新型柔性拦石墙结构中的应用与数值分析

废旧轮胎作为新型柔性拦石墙结构的重要组成部分,研究其组成材料及抗冲击性能具有重要意义。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,以子午线轮胎175/70R14为基础,建立了废旧轮胎和刚性拦石墙上添加废旧轮胎前后的有限元模型,分别考察了2种情况下刚性拦石墙所受落石冲击力的大小,研究了废旧轮胎各部分材料的耗能特点。数值分析表明:废旧轮胎吸能作用明显,能够有效地减缓落石对刚性拦石墙的冲击,并显著提高新型柔性拦石墙的防护能力。     

高空长航时太阳能飞机研究进展与技术挑战

高空长航时太阳能飞机是当前的前沿热点方向,可实现月量级的长期驻空,并形成“时间持久+区域保持”的新型应用能力。系统总结了高空长航时太阳能飞机三阶段发展历程,包括初期探索阶段、快速发展阶段、实用能力验证与应用示范阶段,重点阐述国外典型发展计划,深入分析气动布局设计、储能电池、高空推进、大尺度结构、飞行控制等面临的主要技术挑战,并提出重点攻关方向建议,为高空长航时太阳能飞机创新发展提供参考。     

定向能武器技术的发展动向

随着激光、新材料、微电子、声光、电光等高技术的发展,利用各种束能产生强大杀伤威力的定向能武器已引起世界高度重视。定向能武器成为战场上高速移动目标的"克星",是能有效制敌的"杀手锏"装备,对未来作战样式和形态具有重要影响。文章系统分析了定向能武器的军事应用前景,详细剖析了世界定向能武器技术的研究进展及发展动向,给出了未来要大力发展的激光武器、高功率微波武器和粒子束武器关键技术,对于加快我军定向能武器装备发展,提升非对称制衡能力,具有十分重要的意义。     

能源互联网在军事能源转型中的作用

能源互联网是第三次工业革命的重要支柱,是关系到国家经济和产业发展转型的一种战略型技术。文章首先阐述了军事能源转型面临的挑战和要求,探讨了美国在军事能源转型中的主要做法和启示,从理念和技术两方面分析了能源互联网在推动军事能源转型中将发挥的作用。     

4点弯曲载荷作用下残余应力与弹性模量比对涂层/基体材料界面能量释放率的影响

采用有限元计算方法研究了在4点弯曲载荷作用下,残余应力、涂层与基体的弹性模量比(简称弹性模量比)对涂层/基体材料界面能量释放率及其相角的影响。结果表明:能量释放率随着残余拉应力、弹性模量比的增大而增大;能量释放率中的相角也随着残余拉应力的增大而增大,但并不敏感,其随着弹性模量比的增大而减小。研究结果可为评价涂层/基体材料界面结合性能提供理论依据,有助于深化对涂层/基体材料界面结合性能的认识。