靴形喷油速率耦合预喷射对超高压共轨柴油机性能的影响

在介绍超高压共轨系统工作原理的基础上,基于GT-Power软件建立单缸超高压共轨柴油机的仿真模型,并利用试验验证模型的准确性,而后通过模型分析不同喷油速率、靴形喷油速率耦合不同预喷油量和靴形喷油速率耦合不同预喷提前角对超高压共轨柴油机动力性、经济性以及燃烧排放特性的影响。结果表明:通过调整超高压共轨系统中电控增压器电磁阀和喷油器电磁阀的开启时间,能够实现喷油速率的柔性可调。随着喷油速率从矩形变化到靴形,柴油机缸内压力、温度以及NO_x排放量均逐渐降低,而soot排放量逐渐升高,且靴形喷油速率可使柴油机获得最大的功率(扭矩)和最低的油耗率。靴形喷油速率耦合较小的预喷油量可以使柴油机获得更好的动力性、经济性和燃烧特性,但同时也会导致NO_x排放量的升高。靴形喷油速率耦合较大的预喷提前角有助于改善柴油机排放特性,但受到预喷油量的限制,效果并不明显。     

均匀设计在柴油无灰节能降污添加剂配方研制中的应用

基于低压氧弹燃烧法研究了充氧压力分别为0．6MPa和0．9MPa时两种无灰型柴油添加剂不同配比对助燃性能的影响。采用均匀实验设计和Matlab回归优化的方法，得到复配体系的最优配方，并对其进行了验证。结果表明，由Matlab回归分析得到的完全二次回归模型最理想，0．6MPa时由该模型得到的最优配方为：添加剂A和B的质量分数分别是0．300‰和0．700‰，并通过实验验证得到的发热量达到最大，变化率为8．697％。0．9MPa时，结合直观分析和回归分析，得到与实际相符的最优配方：添加剂A和B的质量分数分别是0．600‰和0．900‰，此时发热量皮化率为4．453％。     

在轨加注过程中组合体航天器动力学建模与分析

针对在轨加注过程中质量分布随时间变化的组合体航天器,研究动力学建模问题并对其动态特性进行分析。将航天器系统分为刚性组合体平台和贮箱内燃料两部分,贮箱内的燃料视为质量、外形和位置连续变化的质量块,将航天器系统抽象为一组有固定边界的变质量质点系;在推导出变质量质点系一般力学方程的基础上,通过对航天器结构进行一定限制消除方程中的反冲力和失调力矩,以组合体平台主轴作为参考坐标系,建立在轨加注过程中组合体动力学模型;该模型除了参数时变的特点外,与普通刚体动力学相比还含有阻尼项;基于李雅普诺夫稳定判据,对该时变动力学系统的动态特性进行分析。仿真计算展现了不同结构参数对姿态运动轨迹的影响,也证明了理论分析的正确性。     

A generic model of motor‐carrier fuel optimization

Fuel optimizers are decision models (software products) that are increasingly recognized as effective fuel management tools by U.S. truckload carriers. Using the latest price data of every truck stop, these models calculate the optimal fueling schedule for each route that indicates: (i) which truck stop(s) to use, and (ii) how much fuel to buy at the chosen truck stop(s) to minimize the refueling cost. In the current form, however, these models minimize only the fuel cost, and ignore or underestimate other costs that are affected by the models' decision variables. On the basis of the interviews with carrier managers, truck drivers, and fuel‐optimizer vendors, this article proposes a comprehensive model of motor‐carrier fuel optimization that considers all of the costs that are affected by the model's decision variables. Simulation results imply that the proposed model not only attains lower vehicle operating costs than the commercial fuel optimizers, but also gives solutions that are more desirable from the drivers' viewpoint. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

The rhetoric and practice of the international responsibility to prevent mass atrocities: Reflections on South Africa’s peacebuilding role in South Sudan (2005–2013)

While global consensus on the meaning and application of the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle remains tenuous, there is little contention among major actors that the development of the norm should prioritise the prevention of mass atrocities. In particular, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) – which have a role to play that is vital to the future development of R2P as a global norm but which continue to express reservations about the intent and application of the doctrine – have been strong advocates of the preventive aspects of the principle. This rhetorical consensus, however, belies the conceptual and practical challenges that are associated with the prevention of mass atrocities. In this paper, the example of South Africa’s post-conflict reconstruction and development (PCRD) interventions in South Sudan from 2005 to 2013 is used to reflect on the role of external actors in supporting conflict-affected states to implement the preventive aspects of R2P. It is argued that while South Africa, like other BRICS countries, has used the rhetoric that atrocity prevention should be at the core of R2P to legitimise its opposition to military intervention for humanitarian purposes, it has struggled to back this rhetoric with coherent strategies and concrete actions to prevent mass atrocity crimes within its sphere of influence. The gap between rhetoric and practice in the preventive aspects of R2P is not unique to South Africa, but highlights fundamental difficulties inherent to global efforts to prevent mass atrocities.     

燃料电池AIP废气处理方案优选模型研究

对潜艇300 kW燃料电池几种可行的气体处理方案进行了对比分析,并运用模糊综合评判方法建立了方案优选模型.研究表明,应用旋转床吸收器吸收废气中的二氧化碳,并配以相应的水处理系统,将二氧化碳排至舷外的方案是最佳方案.     

固体火箭发动机二次喷射控制矢量喷管流场仿真

采用基于Favre平均的三维N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型对固体火箭发动机二次喷射推力矢量喷管复杂干扰内流场进行数值模拟。空间上采用三阶精度差分格式进行求解,时间上采用隐式Jacobi点迭代方法进行迭代推进,直至流场收敛。数值模拟得到矢量喷管二次射流的激波系结构,以及复杂的主/次流干扰流动图像。二次喷射流场包含复杂的涡系结构和波系结构,还存在着边界层与激波的相互干扰、自由剪切层、激波、膨胀波和大尺寸分离。数值模拟还表明,高温燃气射流导致喷射孔附近喷管壁面处的温度相当高,需采取相应的热防护措施。     

汽油与柴油混合用作柴油机应急燃料的探讨

应急燃料对于提高战时油料保障能力具有重要意义。文章以在-10#军用柴油中掺入90#车用汽油(简称为汽柴混合油)为例,从柴油机燃料应具有的品质性能着手,分析了汽柴混合油作为柴油机应急燃料的可行性。把车用汽油和军用柴油按照不同的比例掺兑,将试验结果与军用柴油的性能要求和美军应急使用指标对某些理化性能的要求相比照, 指出了汽柴混合油作为柴油机燃料的可行性,并提出了建议。     

悬浮固相颗粒对储集层基质孔隙的堵塞规律研究

应用胜利油区8个不同区块的岩心及注入水,采用岩心流动实验手段,研究了注入水中悬浮颗粒对储层孔隙的堵塞特征,发现悬浮颗粒对储层的堵塞特征表现为孔隙逐步堵塞和迅速堵塞两种类型;悬浮颗粒浓度低且孔径与粒径的比值较大时易形成孔隙避步堵塞;悬浮颗粒浓度大或孔径与粒径的比值较小时易形成迅速堵塞;悬浮颗粒对储层的堵塞程度、堵塞类型是颗粒浓度、颗粒粒径与储层孔喉匹配综合作用的结果;迅速堵塞特征的初始堵塞效果主要取决于孔径与粒径的匹配关系,最终堵塞效果主要与注入水中的颗粒浓度有关;高浓度的小颗粒对孔隙基质的堵塞特征表现为迅速堵塞。     

基于响应面与遗传算法的柴油机喷射参数优化

为解决燃油喷射系统参数优化中高效寻求全局最优解问题,综合响应面设计和遗传算法的优点和不足,采用多项式响应面模型代替原始遗传算法中计算量庞大的目标特性分析模型,建立了多项式响应面模型和遗传算法相结合的参数优化方法。结合非线性规划的凸性分析证明了遗传算法在预定优化区间内全局最优解的唯一性。对优化匹配后的喷射参数进行了模拟计算,结果表明:优化后柴油机油耗降低了1.96g/(kW·h),功率上升了0.99%,排气温度降低了21.86℃。表明该方法具有简单可靠、优化效率高等特点。