The impact of animal welfare regulations on firms' product offerings: Humane or organic product?

Increased public concerns about animal welfare have spurred new regulations to improve animals' treatment and living conditions. We study how these regulations affect firms' product offerings, prices, and profits. We consider two competing animal agriculture supply chains, each consisting of a supplier and a buyer. New regulations require firms to choose between offering humane or organic products, which are differentiated by animals' living conditions. We find that consumers' growing awareness of animal welfare encourages firms to offer organic products, which require the highest standards for animals' living conditions. We also show that tightening humane product standards and loosening organic product standards encourage firms to offer organic products—but with distinct pricing implications. The former leads to higher retail prices whereas the latter may lower retail prices. Depending on costs and consumers' awareness of animal welfare, a humane product may be priced higher or lower than an organic product. Furthermore, we provide conditions under which a regulator should offer a unit-cost or an investment cost subsidy to improve social welfare. We show that subsidies can encourage firms to change from offering humane to organic products, or vice versa, to enhance total social welfare.     

基于粗糙神经网络和网络撕裂的故障诊断方法

利用网络撕裂法逐层将复杂装备撕裂为较为简单的单元,并充分利用粗糙集和神经网络融合方法的优点进行故障诊断。提出了基于粗糙神经网络的网络撕裂故障诊断方法,总结出基于粗糙神经网络和网络撕裂的故障算法流程图。以L-F滤波器为例进行实验,结果证明:该算法明显优于普通的基于粗糙神经网络的故障诊断方法,网络结构得到简化,训练速度得到加快。     

不同介质中声辐射相似性

研究不同介质中声学相似条件,可为空气噪声实验数据推算相应条件水下辐射噪声,替代复杂水下实验提供依据。因此,首先运用了因次分析法对任意不同介质中的声辐射相似性进行了分析;然后,采用结构有限元耦合流体边界元理论,利用NASTRAN计算模型表面流固耦合振动;最后,通过FORTRAN边界元程序计算辐射声场;以加肋圆柱壳为对象在水和空气两种典型介质中进行了数值模拟验证。理论推导与数值计算的结果一致性表明:不同介质中两个几何相似、表面振动相似的系统间结构表面振幅与该系统几何尺度成正比、表面振动波波长与该系统传声介质中声波波长成正比时,两个模型的无量纲声压相等。     

An interface shear damage model of chromium coating/steel substrate under thermal erosion load

The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel's erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gun-powder,micro-element damage tends to occur within the Cr coating/steel substrate interface,leading to a gradual deterioration in macro-mechanical properties for the material in the related region.In order to mimic this cyclic thermal load and,thereby,study the thermal erosion behavior of the Cr coating on the barrel's inner wall,a laser emitter is utilized in the current study.With the help of in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation results,a shear stress distribution law of the Cr coating/steel substrate and a change law of the interface ultimate shear strength are identified.Studies have shown that the Cr coating/steel substrate interface's ultimate shear strength has a significant weakening effect due to increasing temperature.In this study,the interfacial ultimate shear strength decreases from 2.57 GPa(no erosion)to 1.02 GPa(laser power is 160 W).The data from this experiment is employed to establish a Cr coating/steel substrate interface shear damage model.And this model is used to predict the flaking process of Cr coating by finite element method.The simulation results show that the increase of coating crack spacing and coating thickness will increase the service life of gun barrel.     

积极推进战时政治工作指挥自动化系统建设

战时政治工作指挥自动化是军队政治工作信息化的核心。我军战时政治工作指挥自动化建设在整体上有待进一步突破。要针对目前存在的问题和长远发展,在工作指导上,进行统一规划,落实统一布署,充分论证系统需求,准确定位系统目标,切实抓好技术指标体系建设。     

糕点状纳米金/聚3-甲苯噻吩复合物的制备及电催化性能

为了提高非酶传感器对葡萄糖的催化性能,制备了糕点状纳米金/聚3甲基噻吩复合物并用于电极的表面修饰。反应物浓度一定,纳米金经聚3甲苯噻吩诱导,自组装成为糕点状纳米金/聚3甲苯噻吩复合物。将纳米复合物滴涂在玻碳电极表面,制得纳米金/聚3甲苯噻吩复合物修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究修饰电极对葡萄糖的电催化作用。结果表明:在0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中,葡萄糖在修饰电极上出现明显的氧化信号,修饰电极表现出良好的电催化性能。采用方波伏安法测定葡萄糖,峰电流与葡萄糖溶液的浓度在[0.50,4.32]mmol/L呈线性关系。     

Factors influencing the modernization of military-investment economic appraisal systems

Budgetary restrictions resulting from the present international economic crisis have tightened the need to improve efficiency in defense spending, leading to the armed forces having to undertake their duties with fewer resources. Previous reports on the subject have looked into the determining factors and effects of military spending but very few studies have analyzed the determinants for the modernization of the methodology for assessing efficiency. Thus, using a multiple regression statistical model, we have analyzed the appraisal systems in place in 28 countries to identify factors that influence the development of economic assessment of military expenditure. Our findings have revealed three factors that may favor the improvement of appraisal systems with regard to military expenditure: the quality of governance, size of the armed forces, and unemployment levels.     

基于统一描述框架的导弹设计知识模型研究

为了解决基于知识的导弹设计中异构知识难以共享、重用及有效支持推理的问题,提出了一种基于统一描述框架的本体化知识模型.首先研究了导弹设计中各类知识的表达形式,针对这些异构的知识提出了一种统一描述框架,而后研究了基于这种统一描述框架的本体化知识模型,在该模型中定义了知识基本建模单元,其可直接用于各类异构知识的表达和建模.最后利用导弹气动设计知识建模的应用示例说明了研究成果的有效性.     

掩护潜艇展开组织指挥的研究

为正确指挥掩护潜艇展开到敌封锁区后作战,对潜艇展开过程进行简要分析,根据潜艇展开的敌情威胁确定掩护兵力的作战任务,从而研究并确定了对潜艇展开掩护行动的指挥组织关系、指挥方式和指挥内容.有助于作战、训练时组织和指挥掩护潜艇展开的作战行动.     

二苯氯肿对F1代仔鼠的行为畸胎毒理学

试验通过二苯氯胂（DA）对哺乳期仔鼠的行为畸胎学研究,观察DA对哺乳期仔鼠的行为发育的影响,以便了解DA的致畸作用和潜在毒性,为制定环境保护标准和采取相应的环保措施提供参考。试验于F0代雌性大白鼠妊娠第15天至哺乳第28天连续ig染毒,剂量分别为1．89、0．94和0．63mg／kg。在试验中,观察F0代孕鼠的一般状态、体重变化及主要脏器有无异常和F1代仔鼠的反射行为、行为活动有无异常。试验结果表明：1．89mg／kg和0．94mg／kg剂量的DA均能显著抑制F0代母鼠体重的增长,对F0代母鼠有毒性作用,1．89mg／kg剂量的DA可使F1代仔鼠迷宫活动的错误比率增加;表明高剂量的DA可对F1代仔鼠的短期记忆产生影响。