通用扩张状态观测器鲁棒飞行控制方法

针对存在参数不确定、外界干扰与测量噪声情况下飞行控制问题，提出一种基于通用扩张状态观测器的鲁棒飞行控制方法。首先基于状态相关的Riccati方程（SDRE）控制方法，对飞行器俯仰通道非线性模型进行扩展线性化；而后引入基于通用扩张状态观测器的控制方法，设计干扰补偿增益，实现对外界干扰的估计与补偿；最后通过在线解算状态相关矩阵及代数黎卡提方程，得出状态反馈增益与干扰补偿增益，实现对飞行器期望攻角的跟踪控制。通过与已有方法进行对比，验证了本文所提方法不仅对系统模型不确定性与外界干扰具有较强鲁棒性，而且在较大测量噪声情况下，其依然能够保证良好的跟踪控制效果，具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于干扰观测器的无人翼伞反步控制方法

针对干扰条件下的无人翼伞飞行器曲线路径跟踪控制,提出了一种基于非线性干扰观测器的可变增益反步控制方法。针对基于模拟对象方法的路径跟踪误差模型,设计了可变增益反步跟踪控制律,采用二阶跟踪-微分器设计干扰观测器对系统复合干扰进行估计和补偿,在保证稳定性的同时提高系统的鲁棒性。将控制器用于无人翼伞飞行器平面曲线路径跟踪控制中,仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可以在复合干扰作用下实现期望路径的准确跟踪,且具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制律设计

针对具有严重非线性、多变量强耦合以及参数不确定性等特点的高超声速飞行器模型,提出基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制方法,设计俯仰通道多输入多输出(MIMO)系统控制律。基于反馈线性化方法对高超声速飞行器非线性模型进行处理,对系统存在的不确定性和外界干扰,采用滑模变结构控制策略进行补偿。引入非线性干扰观测器,对系统干扰进行观测,降低滑模控制项的增益,继而削弱滑模控制带来的抖振。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制律能够实现对指令信号的良好跟踪,具有较快的响应速度,能够保证系统在不确定存在情况下的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

基于MPC和ESO-DO的四旋翼轨迹跟踪控制

针对扰动作用和模型不确定性下四旋翼无人机精确轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种主动干扰抑制和模型预测控制(Model Predictive Control, MPC)策略。模型预测控制器通过扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer, ESO)和扰动观测器(Disturbance Observer, DO)来估计和补偿干扰,从而实现位置环精确控制。在存在外部干扰和参数不确定性的情况下,通过仿真实验,证明了所提出的方法提高了对建模误差和干扰的鲁棒性,同时实现了对参考轨迹的平滑跟踪。     

带有模糊干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器一体化制导控制方法

为充分利用高超声速飞行器在俯冲段的质心运动与绕质心运动之间的耦合作用和飞行过程中的不确定性,基于模糊干扰观测器提出三维一体化制导与控制问题。根据飞行器的动力学方程以及飞行器-目标的视线角相对运动方程,推导出适用于倾斜转弯控制的一体化制导控制模型。针对模型中的不确定性采用模糊干扰观测器进行补偿,并使用块动态面方法设计一种一体化制导控制律。通过选取适当的李雅普诺夫函数证明闭环系统状态的一致毕竟有界性。仿真结果验证了该一体化制导控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

变质心再入飞行器自抗扰控制器设计(英文)

再入飞行器采用变质心控制不但可以保持较好的气动外形,还町以增大机动能力,但变质心控制较强的非线性和耦合性大大增加了控制系统设计难度,使控制器设计和实施的代价较高。针对这一问题,基于自抗扰控制技术,设计了变质心再入飞行器双通道解耦控制器。通过构造连续光滑扩张状态观测器,不加区分飞行器的各类干扰与耦合,对其统一进行估计:利用非线性状态反馈控制律,并自适应调节控制参数对其进行补偿,实现对飞行器姿态的解耦控制。仿真结果表明:该方法大大降低了对系统模型精度的要求与控制器设计实施代价,对变质心再入飞行器非线性、耦合性以及参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于模糊干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器一体化制导控制方法

为充分利用高超声速飞行器在俯冲段的质心运动与绕质心运动之间的耦合作用和飞行过程中的不确定性，基于模糊干扰观测器提出了三维一体化制导与控制问题。首先根据飞行器的动力学方程以及飞行器-目标的视线角相对运动方程，推导出来适用于倾斜转弯控制的一体化制导控制模型。接着，针对模型中的不确定性采用模糊干扰观测器进行补偿，并使用块动态面方法设计了一种一体化制导控制律。然后，通过选取适当的李雅普诺夫函数证明了闭环系统状态的一致毕竟有界性。最后，仿真结果验证了该一体化制导控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于迭代学习观测器的无人机故障鲁棒控制

针对无人机在飞行时存在执行机构故障和外界干扰问题,建立了无人机的动力学模型和系统发生执行器故障时的模型,提出了一种将迭代学习观测器和鲁棒自适应控制相结合的容错控制方法.利用迭代故障观测器去观测无人机控制系统的状态并通过迭代实时跟踪执行器故障,给出了该观测器的收敛性分析,并在此基础上设计基于自适应增益的趋近律,实现系统鲁棒自适应控制.进一步基于Lyapunov方法从理论上证明了设计的容错控制器的鲁棒稳定性.使用无人机控制系统对方法进行验证,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性.     

基于改进ESO的交流伺服系统FOPID定位控制

针对高炮炮控交流伺服系统高精度定位控制存在的外界干扰及诸多非线性因素,提出了基于连续光滑函数fan()的改进扩张状态观测器(ESO),并将其应用于分数阶PID控制器,即CS-ESO-FOPID。该控制器将所有外界干扰因素作为"总干扰"获取干扰实时量,并通过改进扩张状态观测器实现非线性因素的实时动态补偿。数字仿真证明,CS-ESO观测优于传统ESO观测,CS-ESO-FOPID的动态控制精度及对外部扰动的鲁棒性均优于FOPID控制,避免了基于传统ESO的分数阶PID易出现的高频颤振现象,从而验证了该控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

考虑输入受限的高超声速飞行器预设性能控制

针对考虑输入幅值与速率受限的高超声速飞行器跟踪性能问题,提出基于受限指令滤波器的预设性能控制方案。为了提高系统瞬态和稳态性能,设计预设性能反演控制器,并通过设计新的性能函数使得跟踪误差超调量更小。引入指令滤波器来处理反演控制器设计中难以求导的问题。针对输入受限问题,构造一种受限指令滤波器来约束系统控制律,保证控制输入满足幅值和速率的限制要求,并进行相应的理论证明。另外,考虑系统参数不确定性与外界干扰,采用线性扩张状态观测器进行观测并补偿。基于Lyapunov稳定理论证明系统的所有跟踪误差最终一致有界。通过仿真验证该方法的有效性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.