溶胶—凝胶法合成氧化铝—氧化硅纳米粉

以AlCl3*6H2O和(CH2)6N4为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法合成出比表面积为189.6m2/g的γ相氧化铝粉,平均粒径约为9nm.以铝溶胶和硅溶胶为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法合成出反应活性高的Al2O3-SiO2复合粉体.该粉体在1300℃煅烧后转变为莫来石.     

纤维增强SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备及其性能

将无机陶瓷纤维与SiO2溶胶混合,经超临界干燥制备了SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料。SiO2气凝胶纤细的骨架颗粒减少了固态热传导,纳米级孔减少了气体热传导和对流传热,同时无机陶瓷纤维减少了辐射传热。SiO2气凝胶复合材料具有良好的隔热性能,其200℃和800℃的热导率分别为0.017W/m.K和0.042W/m.K。纤维的加入提供了力学支撑,高温处理增强了气凝胶骨架强度,材料在常温和高温下均具有良好的力学性能,其常温的拉伸、弯曲和抗压强度分别为1.44MPa、1.31MPa和0.98MPa(10%应变),800℃的拉伸、弯曲和抗压强度分别为1.95MPa、1.80MPa和1.42MPa(10%应变)。     

氧化铝气凝胶复合材料的制备与隔热性能

以仲丁醇铝为先驱体,采用溶胶一凝胶工艺制备氧化铝溶胶,并将其与无机陶瓷纤维毡复合经超临界流体干燥得到氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和氮气吸附等方法对样品微观结构进行分析,利用热平板法对材料的隔热性能进行测试,并分析了氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料隔热机理.研究表明:与氧化硅气凝胶相比,氧化铝气凝胶具有更好的耐高温性能,经1000℃热处理后仍然能够较好地保持其纳米多孔结构;将气凝胶与纤维复合后,充分发挥了氧化铝气凝胶优良的隔热特性,使得复合材料的隔热性能较纯纤维毡有了明显的改善,其热面温度1000℃时导热系数为0.0685 W/m·K.     

超声合成β-烷氧基萘

以β 萘酚和H(CH2)nBr(n=4、7、9)为原料,甲醇钠(CH3ONa)和甲醇为溶剂,在N2气保护下,用超声催化合成β 烷氧基萘,反应5h,收率可达94%。反应的适宜条件为:β 萘酚和H(CH2)nBr摩尔比为1∶1,甲醇钠的浓度为2 0mol/L(溶剂CH3OH),超声频率33±2kHz。     

PMMA胶体晶体模板法制备有序大孔SiO2材料

以自制的单分散的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)微球作为胶体模板,用正硅酸乙酯、水、乙醇、盐酸等配成溶胶,填充在微球间空隙,暴露在空气中24h凝胶、陈化.溶胶的配比为正硅酸乙酯∶水∶乙醇∶盐酸=6∶3∶4∶1(体积比).然后通过程序升温焙烧去掉单分散的(PMMA)微球,可得有序SiO2大孔材料.程序升温控制的条件是以2℃/min的升温速率升到300℃,恒定5h,再以2℃/min的升温速率升到550℃,恒定10h,再以10℃/min的降温速率降到室温.     

三维编织碳纤维增强莫来石复合材料的制备与性能

结合Al2O3溶胶—凝胶技术和聚硅氧烷浸渍裂解技术制备出三维编织碳纤维增强莫来石复合材料(3D BCf/mullite)。研究表明,以AlCl3·6H2O和(CH2)6N4为原料的溶胶—凝胶工艺能制备出纳米γ Al2O3粉,它与聚硅氧烷在1400℃N2中共裂解可反应生成莫来石。所得3D BCf/mullite的密度为1.784g/cm3,弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为282.5MPa和17.7MPa·m1/2。材料中较多的孔隙是材料密度和弯曲强度不高的原因所在。     

(CH3)2SiCl2和N2H4 反应产物为先驱体制备Si/C/N纳米微粉

采用(CH3)2SiCl2和N2H4反应产物为先驱体,在H2、NH3气条件下,用化学气相裂解法制备出Si/C/N纳米复合微粉这一全新的合成体系.对温度、气体流量,H2/NH3的比例等合成工艺条件对微粉的性质、形貌、组成等的影响进行了较为系统的讨论,并从热力学和动力学的角度初步讨论了产物裂解机理及组成的变化形成机理.所合成的Si/C/N微粉为无定型球状颗粒,N的含量从16.49%～26.75%可调,粒径最小达40 nm.     

SiO_2气凝胶对有机硅涂层耐高温与隔热性能改性研究

SiO_2气凝胶是一种具有三维空间网络结构的新型纳米材料,具有低密度、低导热系数以及耐高温和耐老化等性能。以SiO_2气凝胶为填料,将其添加到有机硅涂层中,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪(FT-IR)等仪器,研究SiO_2气凝胶质量分数为1%,5%和10%时,各涂层加热到200,400,700℃时表面形貌、物相结构和表面基团变化情况,同时对各涂层添加不同质量分数SiO_2气凝胶后的耐高温和隔热性能进行研究。结果表明:随SiO_2气凝胶质量分数的增加,涂层耐高温性能提升,SiO_2气凝胶质量分数为10%时,涂层能在700℃高温下保持良好的性能;隔热性能也随SiO_2气凝胶质量分数的增加逐渐增强,与未添加SiO_2气凝胶的涂层相比,其最大温差可达11.2℃;同时,从XRD和FT-IR分析结果可知,随着温度的升高,涂层中的有机物逐渐分解,SiO_2和Al的结晶度逐渐提高,Si—O—Si特征峰强度提高最为明显。     

二氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的性能及其瞬态传热模拟

高马赫数、新型航天飞行器承载严重的气动加热环境,其隔热材料的性能与传热计算对飞行器热防护结构的优化和预测具有一定的指导意义.研究了二氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的结构与性能,并进行了瞬态传热模拟.结果表明复合材料热导率仅为0.018W/m·K,瞬态传热模拟结果与考核测试值吻合,为预测和优化隔热材料提供了一定的依据.     

溶胶—凝胶法制备SiO2气凝胶薄膜溶胶粘度的研究

用低介电常数介质薄膜代替传统的SiO2薄膜是减小ULSI中互连延迟、串扰和能耗的有效方法.SiO2气凝胶薄膜因具有低介电常数、低密度、高热稳定性等性能而成为ULSI中金属间介质的理想材料.以正硅酸乙酯为原料,采用酸/碱两步溶胶-凝胶法结合匀胶和超临界干燥等工艺在硅片上成功制备了SiO2气凝胶薄膜.研究了不同配比的SiO2溶胶粘度随时间的变化;确定了适于匀胶的溶胶的粘度范围为9～15mPa*s;发现溶胶粘度在9～15mPa*s的时间随溶剂异丙醇(IPA)用量的增加和NH4OH的减少而延长.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.