热壁条件下油气热着火关键因素探究

设计了受限空间内高温热壁条件下的油气热着火的实验系统.基于系统的实验和分析,探究了受限空间环境温度、湿度、压力、热壁温度对油气热着火发生的影响.实验发现:油气热着火概率随着热壁温度和环境温度的升高、湿度的减小而增加;油气混合物在汽油自燃点附近开始快速化学反应,油气热着火的最低临界温度为783 K;油气热着火存在三角形的着火压力半岛,且着火压力下限随热壁温度升高而降低,着火压力上限随温度升高而提高.     

狭长受限空间油气爆炸实验研究

为研究狭长受限空间中油气爆炸超压和火焰传播规律,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,并在狭长受限密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验。通过采集爆炸超压值、火焰强度值以及对燃烧产物成分进行分析,得到以下结论:距离点火端越远,最大爆炸超压值越大,但由于管壁的耗散效应以及油气体积分数的减小,导致靠近管道末端的压力有所下降;随着初始油气体积分数的增大,最大爆炸超压值和火焰传播速度先增大再减小;管道末端发生二次爆炸,在前驱冲击波过后,由于未燃气体压缩以及一次爆炸产物活性高等原因压力出现第2个峰值;在前驱冲击波的反射波以及水的不断冷凝、蒸发作用下,压力出现往复振荡现象;高油气体积分数下,燃烧反应不完全,产物更多以低碳烃类和CO为主。     

受限空间雾化射流降温与加湿作用数值分析

以雾化射流预防、控制受限空间内油气热安全事故为工程背景,综合可压缩流场控制方程、k-ε湍流模型、粒子动力学模型与相变传热模型,构建了描述受限空间内雾化射流降温与加湿作用的数值分析模型。借助Fluent流体动力学仿真软件,以1 600 mm×200 mm二维狭长受限空间中不同工况的雾化射流为算例,对雾化射流降温与加湿过程进行了数值模拟,并探讨了雾化射流流量与粒径的不同对上述作用的影响。所得结果为进一步探究雾化射流降温与加湿行为,推进雾化射流在热安全防护领域的工程应用提供借鉴和参考。     

含弱约束结构受限空间油气爆炸外部火焰特性

构建了含弱约束结构受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,基于模拟实验对外部火焰特性进行了研究。结果表明:火焰形态变化主要受Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定、Helmholtz不稳定、斜压效应、热流推举作用的影响;火焰发展模式受初始油气体积分数影响,在低和中油气体积分数条件下,火焰发展模式为强爆燃;在高油气体积分数条件下,火焰发展模式为泄流后的定压燃烧;初始油气体积分数为1.79%时,火焰发展范围达到最大,高度为0.8 m,直径为0.6 m。     

半封闭空间钨丝点燃油气特性研究

为研究钨丝点燃油气着火爆炸特性,建立了半封闭容器着火爆炸实验平台。通过高速摄影仪拍摄的火焰传播过程,研究不同油气体积分数下的着火模式。根据高频动态压力传感器采集的容器内压力变化情况,分析不同油气体积分数下的着火规律。结果表明,着火模式有燃烧、爆炸和爆燃后持续燃烧3种;爆炸和爆燃后持续燃烧都会形成"压力双峰"现象,而燃烧只产生1个压力峰值;不同着火模式的反应总时间、最大压力上升速率和下降速率均存在突变现象;油气着火爆炸过程中,火焰和压力波之间形成了强烈的耦合作用。     

狭长受限空间油气爆炸关键现象研究

以汽油油气混合物为研究对象,在狭长密闭管道中进行了油气爆炸实验,通过压阻式传感器测试爆炸过程中的压强信号,得到狭长受限空间中油气爆炸的基本参数。通过对实验结果的对比分析,发现狭长受限空间内的油气爆炸可以分为4个阶段：平滑加速阶段、湍流发展阶段、振荡激化阶段和余波阶段;一定强度的湍流流场可抑制链化学反应速度和火焰传播速度;振荡激化阶段发生在管道末端。为狭长密闭空间内油气爆炸的预防和抑爆技术研究提供了参考。     

受限空间油气抑爆模拟实验

针对受限空间的特点,建立了油气爆炸及其抑爆模拟实验系统,研制了新型高效超细粉体抑爆剂,对受限空间油气爆炸及其抑爆过程进行系统的实验研究,分析了抑爆机理.研究表明抑爆剂的喷射方式、喷射压力、喷射用量以及布置方式等因素对抑爆效果有着重要的影响,得到了抑爆装置的关键设计参数,为进一步研制抑爆装置奠定了实验和理论基础.     

非均匀容积式受限空间油气爆炸超压与火焰特征

设计了20 L非均匀容积式受限空间油气爆炸实验系统,完成了油气在其中的爆炸参数测试实验,获得了超压和火焰参数的变化规律。研究结果表明,超压随时间的变化可分为6个阶段,最大超压为791 k Pa;与20 L标准球形容器相比,非均匀受限空间油气爆炸过程中出现强压力振荡,振荡波峰值随时间的变化可用指数函数描述。火焰强度随时间的变化可分为4个阶段,各阶段火焰形态的变化为:球状蓝色层流火焰→亮黄色火焰→暗红色火焰→火焰熄灭。随着油气初始体积分数的增大,最大超压和平均升压速率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,最大超压峰值(791 k Pa)和最大平均升压速率(7.4 MPa/s)对应的油气初始体积分数均为1.74%,且最大超压和平均升压速率随油气初始体积分数的变化可分别用二次多项式和三次多项式描述。随着油气初始体积分数的增大,火焰强度也呈现出先增大后减小再增大的变化规律,最大火焰强度为7 300 lux,火焰持续时间呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,最短持续时间为0.317 s,最大火焰强度和最短持续时间对应的油气初始体积分数均为1.74%。     

油料洞库支坑道对爆炸传播影响的数值模拟研究

油料洞库是典型的狭长受限空间,湍流强度是这种复杂受限空间中爆炸燃烧波发展的主要影响因素之一,爆炸波在主坑道的传播过程中,经分支坑道扰动后会发生跃升。针对这种复杂的跃变过程建立了基于多控机理的油气爆炸燃烧模型,对该过程中涉及的湍流强度经旁接分支通道扰动后的变化以及爆炸压力波的发展进行了数值模拟研究,并将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比和综合理论分析。得到了一些与洞库安全相关的重要结论,对洞库受限空间爆炸发展的进一步研究以及爆炸灾害的防治具有重要的参考价值。     

地下储油复杂组合空间油气扩散蔓延三维数值模拟

针对地下储油复杂组合空间,采用大涡模拟的方法构建了油气扩散蔓延三维数值模拟模型,完成了油气扩散蔓延区域的空间离散和三维数值模拟求解优化,并进行了数值计算与分析。结果表明,在地下复杂组合受限空间油料泄漏后,罐室内的油气填充顺序为由边缘到出口、由底部到上部,油气不能达到100%的充满状态,罐室拱形顶部油气体积分数低于其爆炸下限的20%;罐室内油气的产生和蔓延十分迅速,从泄漏至到达罐室口仅需10 s,进入坑道仅需1 min;油气在流出罐室进入坑道后,具有迅速向四周扩散蔓延,流向一切可能注入的空间的特性。研究结果为地下储油工程的施工建设、安全管理、危险源监控等提供了有益参考。     

不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试模拟实验系统

针对不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试的特殊需要,研制了相应的测试实验台架和关键参数测试系统。对标准20L球形爆炸装置进行了改进,使之适用于不同环境条件油气爆炸极限的测定与分析,设计并构建了能够配制不同浓度油气的油气雾化循环配气系统、瞬态压力测试单元、温湿度测试单元和气体组分测试单元等。实验验证与分析结果表明：该模拟实验系统能够满足不同环境条件油气爆炸极限测试分析的需要,也可供其他相似可燃气体（液体蒸气）测试使用。     

基于集总参数法的坦克稳态热分析模型

为了掌握坦克的热状况,发展了一个坦克稳态热分析模型,基于集总参数法将整车划分为若干热单元,考虑了坦克自身产热、传热和外界环境的影响,建立了热平衡方程,构建了由热单元、产热源、导热热阻、对流传热热桥、辐射换热源等组成的热网络。模型计算的温度值与实车测试值对比,误差小于7%。对某型坦克高速度行驶稳态工况进行热分析,得到了坦克整体表面温度分布、高温部位温度及其热量分配状况。     

Hazard evaluation of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity for three typical MH2 (M＝Mg,Ti, Zr) of energetic materials

MgH2, TiH2, and ZrH2 are three typical metal hydrides that have been gradually applied to composite explosives and propellants as additives in recent years. To evaluate ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, the Hartmann device and spherical pressure vessel were used to test ignition energy and ex-plosion pressure, respectively. The results showed that the ignition sensitivity of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 gradually increased. When the concentration of MgH2 is 83.0 g/m3 in Hartmann device, the ignition energy attained a minimum of 10.0 mJ. The explosion pressure of MgH2 were 1.44 times and 1.76 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, and the explosion pressure rising rate were 3.97 times and 9.96 times that of TiH2 and ZrH2, respectively, through the spherical pressure vessel. It indicated that the reaction reactivity and reaction rate of MgH2 were higher than that of TiH2 and ZrH2. In addition, to conduct in-depth theoretical analysis of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity, gas production and combus-tion heat per unit mass of ZrH2, TiH2 and MgH2 were tested by mercury manometer and oxygen bomb calorimetry. The experimental results revealed that MgH2 had a relatively high gas production per unit mass (5.15 mL/g), while TiH2 and ZrH2 both had a gas production of less than 2.0 mL/g. Their thermal stability gradually increased, leading to a gradual increase in ignition energy. Furthermore, compared with theoretical combustion heat, the combustion ratio of MgH2, TiH2 and ZrH2 was more than 96.0%, with combustion heat value of 29.96, 20.94 and 12.22 MJ/kg, respectively, which was consistent with the explosion pressure and explosion severity test results.     

临近空间飞艇内部自然对流的流场特征仿真研究

针对临近空间飞艇,对其内部氦气的自然对流特征进行了数值模拟。首先采用计算流体力学方法,并利用自编的用户自定义函数将外部的温度边界条件导入壁面网格。进而,在不同的稳态条件下,通过对内部氦气压力、温度、速度的分布等流场特征参数的研究,分析了临近空间飞艇内部气体自然对流的运动特性及其影响规律,并对自然对流非稳态变化过程进行了初步的探索。仿真结果表明,在临近空间环境下,飞艇内部氦气的自然对流,对于内部氦气自身的热交换具有一定程度的促进作用,而对蒙皮受力和结构安全性影响很小。     

焊接工艺对GMAW堆焊焊缝区温度场影响的数值模拟

为了探索焊接工艺对熔化极气体保护堆焊快速成形零件组织性能的影响，根据材料热物理性能参数以及相变潜热与温度的非线性关系，建立了熔化极气体保护堆焊成形过程的数学模型和有限元模型，利用ANSYS软件的APDL语言编写程序，实现了高斯移动热源载荷下的熔化极气体保护堆焊成形温度场计算，分析对比了不同焊接工艺对焊缝区温度场热循环的影响。结果表明：在其他因素一定的条件下，热输入和焊接速度对焊缝区热循环影响显著，而基板厚度对其影响较小；选择厚度约为16mm的基板，采用小于120×20J的热输入和大于10mm／s的焊接速度有望成形出性能优良的零件。     

Microcrack- and microvoid-related impact damage and ignition responses for HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives at high temperature

Investigating the damage and ignition behaviors of polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) under a coupled impact and high-temperature loading condition is required for the safe use of charged PBXs. An improved combined microcrack and microvoid model (CMM) was developed for better describing the thermal effects of deformation, damage, and ignition responses of PBXs. The main features of the model under typical dynamic loadings (i.e. uniaxial tension and compression, and lateral confinement) at different initial temperature were first studied. And then the effects of temperature on impact-shear sensitivity of HMX-based PBXs were investigated. The results showed that the ignition threshold velocity of shear-crack hotspots exhibits an increase from 260 to 270 to 315–325 m/s when initial temperature increases from 301 to 348 K; and then the threshold velocity decreases to 290–300 m/s with the initial temperature continually increasing to 378 K. The predicted ignition threshold velocity level of the explosives under coupled impact and high temperature loading conditions were consistent with the experimental data.     

Thermal explosion of a reactive gas mixture at constant pressure for non-uniform and uniform temperature systems

In this study, the approximate and exact solutions for the stationary-state of the solids model with neglecting reactant consumption for both non-uniform and uniform temperature systems were applied on gas ignition under a constant pressure condition. The criticality conditions for a slab, an infinite cylinder, and a sphere are determined and discussed using dimensionless temperatures under constant ambient and surface temperatures for a non-uniform temperature system. Exact solution for a Semenov model with convection heat loss was also presented. The solution of the Semenov problem for constant volume or density as a solid and constant pressure were compared. The critical parameter δ is calculated and compared with those of Frank-Kamenetskii solution values. The validation of the calculated ignition temperatures with other exact solution and experimental results were offered. The relation between critical parameters form Semenov and F.K. models solution was introduced.     

利用OH发射谱进行的高温低浓度甲烷着火研究

采用激波管进行低浓度甲烷和空气混合气的着火实验,通过测量压力和OH发射光谱,得到不同工况下的着火延迟,并与甲烷的详细反应机理计算结果作比较。结果表明:不同浓度下甲烷着火延迟的对数与温度倒数呈线性关系,着火延迟随甲烷浓度的降低而减少;贫燃条件下,采用详细动力学机理计算的表观活化能与实验数据拟合较好。     

Numerical and experimental study on the response characteristics of warhead in the fast cook-off process

The response characteristics of the warhead under thermal stimuli conditions are important to the safety improvement. The goal of this study is to obtain data on the warhead in the fast cook-off process. In this paper, a numerical calculation method is proposed, whose reliability is supported by comparison with experimental results. Through the numerical calculation, the temperature distribution, temperature change, and ignition time are acquired. The numerical results show that the ignition time is 76 s after the warhead started to burn and that the maximum temperature of the explosive's outer surface is 238.3 C at the ignition time. The fast cook-off experiment of the warhead is implemented so as to get the flame temperature and reaction grades that are not available through numerical calculation. The experimental results show that the overpressure fails to reach the preset minimum value which is equivalent to 6 kg of TNT and that the reaction grade is deflagration. The research results have reference value for the design of the warhead and the reduction of detonation risks.