11 组元化学反应气体粘性激波层钝体绕流数值计算

本文采用１１组元化学模型对双曲体粘性激波层化学非平衡绕流流场进行了数值计算,给出了压力、温度,Ｎ＋２、Ｏ＋２、Ｎ＋、Ｏ＋和ＮＯ＋摩尔浓度及ｅ－数密度在驻点的分布,并与７组元、５组元的计算结果作了比较。     

发动机内流场湍流数值模拟

以可压缩的全Ｎ－Ｓ方程为控制方程,用显式有限差分格式对燃烧室－－喷管轴对称湍流内流场进行了数值模拟。计算中采用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ两步显格式和Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模型,得到了管状装药发动机内流场的数值解,取得了令人满意的结果。此方法对发动机的设计有实际的工程参考价值。     

化学非平衡尾迹流场的数值计算

高超音速化学非平衡尾迹流场的分析及计算是再入空气动力学的一个重要课题。本文采用轴线极限方程,成功地消除了控制方程在轴线上的奇性;采用二阶精度的中心差隐格式,求解了抛物化的Ｎ－Ｓ方程,得到了２０ｋｍ及６０ｋｍ再入时尾迹流场的数值解。计算结果表明,在远尾迹场,对电子数密度的主要影响是Ｏ_２的吸附反应。     

载人飞船等离子体鞘电子密度分布的数值计算

研究高温空气的不同物理模型对载人飞船返回舱等离子体鞘电子密度的影响 ,包括热力平衡的化学非平衡模型与热力、化学都是非平衡的模型的比较 ,以及七组元模型与十一组元模型的比较。采用NND格式和时间预处理技术 ,得到了非平衡流全NS方程的时间渐近解 ,计算了载人飞船等离子体鞘电子密度的典型结果。与飞行试验及有关文献数值计算结果之比较表明 ,本文的计算结果是可信的     

采用不同化学反应源项处理方法的胞格爆轰数值研究

采用一种改进的化学非平衡流解耦方法对Euler反应流方程进行解耦处理,对流项采用五阶WENO格式进行离散,化学反应源项分别采用梯形公式和α-QSS拟稳态逼近两种方法处理,时间步进采用二阶精度的Runge-Kutta方法,对H2/O2/Ar预混气的胞格爆轰进行了二维数值模拟。两种处理方法都得到了合理的三波点结构,计算结果接近,但α-QSS拟稳态逼近处理方法的化学反应较完全,爆轰波传播速度较高;揭示了爆轰波结构的发展变化过程,横波与横波、横波与壁面碰撞引起的二次起爆对爆轰波的稳定发展至关重要;分析了数值胞格结构,胞格长宽比与参考文献基本一致,验证了本计算方法的有效性。     

泰氟隆烧蚀产物对电子密度的影响

采用WNND格式,对有泰氟隆烧蚀产物引射的化学非平衡NS方程进行了数值模拟。采用7组元纯空气化学反应和19组元、28种反应的空气—泰氟隆化学反应系统,对照计算了壁面有泰氟隆烧蚀产物引射和纯空气绕流两种流场,研究了泰氟隆烧蚀产物对电子密度的影响。     

飞船轴对称热化学非平衡流场数值求解

本文从轴对称热化学非平衡Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发,利用时间相关法,采用双温度、七组元反应气体模型,利用隐式ＮＮＤ有限差分格式和时间预处理技术数值求解了ＦＩＲＥＩ飞船热化学非平衡流场,得到了较为准确的结果,并分析了热力非平衡对流场的影响。     

用多重网格TVD方法求解三维高超音速粘性流场

本文采用时间相关法求解了三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程。在计算中，对于压力和对流项采用Ｒｏｅ的通量差分分裂技术和Ｏｓｈｅｒ－Ｃｈａｋｒａｖａｒｔｈｙ的ＴＶＤ格式，对于粘性项，采用了中心差分格式。通过数值模拟得到了钝头双锥体高超音速层流流场在不同攻角下的数值解。计算的重点放在壁面热流率的预测。在攻角为４°和１２°的状态下，Ｓｔａｎｔｏｎ数的计算值与实验值进行了比较，二者吻合较好。为了加快收敛速率，计算时采用了多重网格方法。     

烧结助剂对热压SiCw/Si3N4复合材料性能的影响

本文通过热压的方法分别制得以Ｙ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｙ２Ｏ３－Ｌａ２Ｏ３为烧结助剂的ＳｉＣｗ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷基复合材料，对比了采用不同种类及含量的烧结助剂的ＳｉＣｗ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４复合材料的性能结果，发现烧结助剂的种类及含量对ＳｉＣｗ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性有明显的影响，对高温弯曲强度的影响尤为显著。     

NBO水溶性消毒剂消毒效果的研究

用气相色谱法分析测试了３－Ｎ－溴－４,４－二甲基－２－恶唑烷酮（ＮＢＯ）与吡啶组成的水溶性消毒剂对沙林、芥子气的消毒效果,对消毒机理作了初步探讨。实验表明,ＮＢＯ能有效地对沙林、芥子气消毒,并具有低毒、低腐蚀性特点。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.