固冲补燃室团聚硼颗粒燃烧试验

研究团聚硼颗粒在补燃室中的点火燃烧对提高固冲发动机性能具有重要意义。通过试验模拟固冲发动机工作过程的方法,开展了补燃室流场条件下的团聚硼颗粒点火燃烧试验。结合高速火焰图像处理技术和流场参数测量结果,对试验中团聚硼颗粒的点火燃烧状态、火焰结构以及颗粒尺寸变化等进行了分析,获得了补燃室燃气温度和氧气含量等因素对团聚硼颗粒点火燃烧过程的影响机制。对燃烧残渣进行了分析,发现燃烧前后颗粒尺寸变化不大,燃烧过程中高温气流可能进入了颗粒内部并与硼颗粒发生反应。     

阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟影响的实验研究

利用烟密度仪、锥形量热仪研究了阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟的影响。结果表明,三氧化二锑、三聚氰胺等四种阻燃剂使PVC热解燃烧的产烟量大幅度增加,促进PVC热解燃烧失重;红磷、氢氧化镁等四种阻燃剂对PVC热解燃烧的产烟量及燃烧失重影响较小;硼酸锌使PVC热释放速率峰值降低、质量损失速率减小,热释放速率峰值出现的时间推迟。随着氢氧化镁、十溴二苯乙烷在PVC中含量的增加,其燃烧产烟量减少。氢氧化镁的量对PVC燃烧失重速率和失重量影响明显。三氧化二锑和氢氧化镁混合、十溴二苯乙烷和聚磷酸铵混合阻燃对PVC热解燃烧的产烟影响较小,而三氧化二锑与硼酸锌混合阻燃剂对PVC的燃烧影响显著。     

阻燃剂对PVC热解及燃烧的影响

利用热分析技术和锥形量热仪测试法,研究了多种阻燃剂对PVC热解和燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,由于不同种类的阻燃剂对PVC的阻燃机理不同,对PVC热解过程和燃烧特性影响各异,有的阻燃剂将PVC的初始分解温度提前,分解反应的活化能降低,使PVC提前脱水成炭,达到阻燃的目的;另一些阻燃剂显著推迟PVC的热分解,以延迟PVC的着火。从锥形量热仪的分析结果可以看出,阻燃剂的加入,使PVC的热释放速率明显降低,起到了阻燃作用。     

几种固体可燃物燃烧烟尘微观形貌特征研究

采用透射电子显微镜,对几种固体可燃材料燃烧烟尘的微观形貌进行了分析.研究发现聚合物材料燃烧烟尘主要为分散的凝团,凝团形态为链状、簇状和絮状,凝团是由直径几十纳米的准球形基本组成颗粒互相链接而成的.常见木质装修材料燃烧烟尘则主要为黑色碎片结构,在碎片周围附着有少量凝团.在受热炭化的聚合物燃烧烟尘中也会发现一些黑色和半透明碎片结构,但数量较少、尺寸较小.     

粉末燃料冲压发动机内镁粉尘云层流燃烧模型

对粉末燃料冲压发动机预燃室内镁粉尘云燃烧过程进行了研究,建立了镁粉尘云的一维层流预混燃烧模型。研究表明,镁粉尘云层流火焰传播很稳定,燃烧过程中火焰结构基本不变,燃烧区很薄,而预热区厚度约是燃烧区的2-3倍。粉尘云中镁颗粒的蒸发和气相镁与氧气的均相反应是产生火焰的直接原因,也是火焰得以传播的关键。预热区气相温度升高主要靠燃烧区气体的导热和扩散过来的气相镁与氧气反应释放热量,而预热区颗粒相温度升高主要靠气相对其对流传热。分析了各参数对粉尘云燃烧的影响,颗粒相对浓度对粉尘云燃烧的影响比较复杂,在浓度较低的情况下,增大颗粒相对浓度有利于粉尘云快速燃烧;而在浓度较高的情况下,增大颗粒相对浓度则不利于粉尘云快速燃烧。随颗粒粒径的增加,火焰传播速度减小,火焰温度升高,预热区厚度增大。火焰传播速度和火焰温度随粉尘云初温增加线性增长,预热区厚度随粉尘云初温增加抛物线增长。数值模拟与文献中试验结果的变化趋势相一致。     

复合固体推进剂颗粒填充模型及其统计特性分析

复合固体推进剂属于高填充比颗粒类复合材料,氧化剂和金属颗粒在基体中的随机分布使其在细观尺度具有非均质的特点。从细观尺度研究固体推进剂燃烧及力学性能时,必须考虑颗粒级配、空间分布和种类等因素的影响。采用分子动力学方法,以硝酸酯增塑聚醚高能复合固体推进剂为研究对象,将固体颗粒模型化为球形,生成其在基体内随机分布的颗粒填充模型。利用Monte-Carlo算法模拟计算颗粒填充模型细观结构的两点概率函数,并研究了颗粒填充体积分数、尺寸与级配等参数对其的影响规律。从统计意义上给出具有各态历经性、统计均匀性和各向同性特点的颗粒填充构型最小周期性代表体元尺寸,可有效减小后续研究的计算量,节约计算成本。所构建的推进剂细观几何构型及对最小周期性代表体元尺寸的计算为后续开展复合固体推进剂细观尺度燃烧、燃面处铝团聚及力学性能数值研究奠定了基础。     

酚类阻燃剂处理红松的热解特性研究

用实验方法研究了酚类阻燃剂对红松的阻燃作用。用苯酚、对硝基苯酚、对氨基苯酚三种阻燃剂配成的3种同种浓度的阻燃剂溶液浸泡红松木粉，干燥后，利用热重分析技术，研究了阻燃与未阻燃红松木粉的热解特性。研究结果表明，酚类阻燃剂能降低木粉热解速率，推迟剧烈燃烧开始的时间，减小热解的剧烈程度和热解可燃气体的产生量，促进木材的脱水炭化，使热解产生的碳化物增多。     

预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程数值分析

建立了液体火箭发动机预燃室内气氢气氧射流燃烧过程的数学模型,包括燃烧过程控制守恒方程、湍流流动方程和湍流燃烧模型,以及求解控制方程所需的辅助关系式;给出了模拟射流燃烧过程的数值方法。对于给定的预燃室结构型式和尺寸,研究了喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对化学反应流场和燃烧性能的影响规律。结果表明,喷嘴构型和氧的喷射方式对流动过程和燃烧性能都有影响,且喷嘴结构的影响较为明显。     

固冲发动机补燃室凝相碳颗粒燃烧研究

应用改进的移动火焰锋面(MFF)模型,分析了环境压力、温度等参数对碳颗粒燃烧过程的影响。在此基础上,研究了固冲发动机补燃室内碳颗粒的燃烧过程,得到了固冲补燃室环境中的碳颗粒燃烧特性,并通过固冲直连式试验验证了数值模拟结果。结果表明:补燃室中大部分碳颗粒在进气道出口附近燃烧。     

分解炉内煤粉燃烧和CaCO3分解流场的数值模拟

针对国内某大型水泥高性能分解炉,基于Fluent软件,采用有限速率/涡耗散模型模拟了炉内煤粉燃烧和生料分解的湍动多相流场,给出了炉内速度矢量、温度、压力和组分分布,结果显示,炉内流动趋势合理,可为分解炉的研究提供参考.     

悬浮固相颗粒对储集层基质孔隙的堵塞规律研究

应用胜利油区8个不同区块的岩心及注入水,采用岩心流动实验手段,研究了注入水中悬浮颗粒对储层孔隙的堵塞特征,发现悬浮颗粒对储层的堵塞特征表现为孔隙逐步堵塞和迅速堵塞两种类型;悬浮颗粒浓度低且孔径与粒径的比值较大时易形成孔隙避步堵塞;悬浮颗粒浓度大或孔径与粒径的比值较小时易形成迅速堵塞;悬浮颗粒对储层的堵塞程度、堵塞类型是颗粒浓度、颗粒粒径与储层孔喉匹配综合作用的结果;迅速堵塞特征的初始堵塞效果主要取决于孔径与粒径的匹配关系,最终堵塞效果主要与注入水中的颗粒浓度有关;高浓度的小颗粒对孔隙基质的堵塞特征表现为迅速堵塞。     

无电焊接材料的燃烧速度和燃烧温度研究

采用高放热性的铝热剂（CuO＋Al）并加入适当的添加剂,制备了便携式的无电焊接笔材料,其燃烧速度可控,且具有高的燃烧温度。研究了反应剂颗粒大小、混料均匀性等对无电焊接笔材料的燃烧性能的影响。结果表明：反应剂粒径对无电焊接笔的燃烧速度具有显著影响,随着反应剂粒径的增大,燃烧速度明显减慢。反应剂粒径和混料时间是影响单位时间放热量和混料均匀度的主要因素,因而对无电焊接笔的燃烧温度具有明显影响。在一定的混料时间下,反应物粉末具有最佳的混料均匀性。反应物粒径小且混料均匀性好的无电焊接笔材料,其燃烧温度高。     

进气道角度对含硼推进剂固冲发动机性能的影响

为了提高含硼推进剂固体火箭冲压发动机内硼颗粒的燃烧效率,采用颗粒轨道模型进行了补燃室两相流的数值模拟,其中硼颗粒的点火和燃烧模型采用的是King模型,建立了发动机补燃室内简单反应流模型,在该模型下研究了进气道的位置对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机燃烧效率的影响,并在此基础上进行直连式试验研究.结果表明,后进气道角度为60°时的燃烧效率比90°时高.     

微乳液法在纳米催化剂制备中的应用及研究进展

综述了微乳液法制备纳米催化剂的基本原理和主要方法以及近年来在催化剂制备中的一些应用.对微乳液法制备纳米催化剂的一些影响因素:如水的含量及表面活性剂的结构和种类对微乳液"水池"尺寸的影响以及对最终形成的纳米粒子粒径的影响,反应物浓度对形成的纳米催化剂粒子的粒度大小和分布的影响,负载粒子对催化剂粒子烧结温度及稳定性等多方面的影响进行了探讨与分析,并对该领域的研究发展作了展望.     

Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

Nanothermite colloids: A new prospective for enhanced performance

Nanothermites (metal oxide/metal) can offer tremendously exothermic self sustained reactions. CuO is one of the most effective oxidizers for naonothermite applications. This study reports on two prospectives for the manufacture of CuO nanoparticles. Colloidal CuO particles of 15 nm particle size were developed using hydrothermal synthesis technique. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with surface are 700 m²/g was employed as a substrate for synthesis of CuO-coated MWCNTs using electroless plating. On the other hand, aluminium particles with combustion heat of 32000 J/g is of interest as high energy density material. The impact of stoichiometric nanothermite particles (CuO/Al & Cuo-coated MWCNTs/Al) on shock wave strength of Al/TNT nanocomposite was evaluated using ballistic mortar test. While CuO-coated MWCNTs decreased the shock wave strength by 15%; colloidal CuO enhanced the shock wave strength by 30%. The superior performance of colloidal CuO particles was correlated to their steric stabilization with employed organic solvent. This is the first time ever to report on fabrication, isolation, and integration of stablilized colloidal nanothermite particles into energetic matrix where intimate mixing between oxidizer and metal fuel could be achieved.     

Force chains based mesoscale simulation on the dynamic response of Al-PTFE granular composites

Force chains based mesoscale simulation is conducted to investigate the response behavior of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene (Al-PTFE) granular composites under a low-velocity impact. A two-dimensional model followed the randomly normal distribution of real Al particles size is developed. The dynamic compressive process of Al-PTFE composites with varied Al mass fraction is simulated and validated against the experiments. The results indicate that, force chains behavior governed by the number and the size of agglomerated Al particles, significantly affects the impact response of the material. The failure mode of the material evolves from shear failure of matrix to debonding failure of particles with increasing density. A high crack area of the material is critical mechanism to arouse the initiation re-action. The damage maintained by force chains during large plastic strain builds up more local stresses concentration to enhance a possible reaction performance. In addition, simulation is performed with identical mass fraction but various Al size distribution to explore the effects of size centralization and dispersion on the mechanical properties of materials. It is found that smaller sized Al particle of com-posites are more preferred than its bulky material in ultimate strength. Increasing dispersed degree is facilitated to create stable force chains in samples with comparable particle number. The simulation studies provide further insights into the plastic deformation, failure mechanism, and possible energy release capacity for Al-PTFE composites, which is helpful for further design and application of reactive materials.