C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施

基于仿真互操作标准组织(Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization,SISO)C4ISR/M&S互操作技术参考模型和高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,HLA),C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施为架构仿真系统运行体系提出了面向方面框架(Aspect Oriented Framework,AOF)和应用服务平台的技术.AOF能控制C4ISR/M&S互操作所引起的仿真系统结构复杂化,应用服务平台则能丰富仿真系统的运行环境,仿真设施可作为仿真系统通用运行体系的基础组件,支持复杂互操作系统开发.     

C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施

基于仿真互操作标准组织(Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization,SISO)C4ISR/M&S互操作技术参考模型和高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,HLA),C4ISR/M&S互操作HLA仿真设施为架构仿真系统运行体系提出了面向方面框架(Aspect Oriented Framework,AOF)和应用服务平台的技术.AOF能控制C4ISR/M&S互操作所引起的仿真系统结构复杂化,应用服务平台则能丰富仿真系统的运行环境,仿真设施可作为仿真系统通用运行体系的基础组件,支持复杂互操作系统开发.     

美国国防部未来建模与仿真的方向

传统上,许多模型与仿真是彼此孤立开发的。这些烟囱式解决办法用于单独的和非交互的或非互操作的仿真。预算的削减和联合作战的重要性进一步强调互操作性和重用的必要性,并为国防部(DOD)建模与仿真(M＆S)的再检查提供动力。整个DOD的模型与仿真的有效开发要求M＆S有一个通用的技术框架,以方便互操作和重用。这种技术框架包括三部分:模型和仿真必须与之一致的通用高层次结构(HLA);为协调开发分布式可互操作和重用的仿真描述(环境、系统和人的行为)提供基础的任务空间概念模型;和在模型和仿真中提供通用的、可交换的数据描述的数据标准化。     

多Agent与HLA集成仿真技术

对于复杂系统的建模与仿真,利用高层体系结构标准的统一框架以解决一致性和互操作问题,而多智能体技术可以提高邦员的智能性,更好贴近实际。因此,将多智能体系统与高层体系结构相集成可以有效提高系统仿真与建模的效果。但二者集成仿真还存在着种种问题,针对这些问题,根据军事训练仿真的具体要求,提出集成仿真的基本设计流程,并设计出了集成仿真的通信模式和交互过程。     

基于HLA/RTI的短波跳频仿真系统

新一代的分布式交互仿真标准即高层体系结构/运行时间结构(HLA/RTI),为联邦成员的互操作制定了框架.针对短波环境下跳频通信的仿真应用实例,搭建了短波跳频通信系统联邦模型,展开面向各个联邦成员的具体功能和作用的分析研究,通过信息交互和时间推进策略实现了整个联邦系统进行协调控制和管理,并且验证了仿真系统模型设计的可行性和有效性,为短波跳频系统的实际应用奠定了基础.     

DIS应用中的高层体系结构网关

高层体系结构(HLA)是一种构建虚拟的、构造性的和真实应用的分布仿真体系结构。HLA用来促进各类仿真模型间的互操作和仿真部件的重用。其中一种把传统转换为HLA的可能方法是在DIS和HLA应用之间提供互操作能力的独立的网间工作设备。 仿真训练研究所(IST)以前曾报道过这种设备(IST HLA网关的原型)的使用,它通过采用原型运行时间框架(RTI)的0.33版本使网络仿真(SIMNET)人控Ml仿真器与HLA平台联邦标准(PPF)相连接。本文叙述了在DIS和实时平台基准(RPR)联邦对象模型(FOM)之间进行转换的可重复设计和重复执行的产品IST HLA网关。此网关使用一个直接RTI的面向对象的接口。试验表明,网关内部平均转换等待时间不到2毫秒。     

广域网环境下创建LVC仿真环境技术的分析与比较

互联网的广泛普及和对LVC大规模仿真环境需求的增长,推动了对广域网环境下建模与仿真技术的研究。HLA Evolved和WebLVC标准均支持在广域网环境下建立分布仿真环境。重点介绍了HLA Evolved在广域网创建联邦的技术改进:WSDL API支持和容错支持服务,分析了WebLVC在解决基于Web的应用与传统建模与仿真领域互操作问题的几个关键技术,包括WebLVC协议和VR-Exchange。通过比较HLA Evolved和WebLVC的典型应用和网络拓扑、交互对象模型和通信模式,明确了这两种技术的不同应用领域和实现方式。     

HLA的数据链综合仿真系统

数据链的组网规划、效能评估和模拟训练是数据链武器装备论证的重要内容,而仿真是武器装备论证的有效方法.根据数据链系统的主要特点、组成要素、仿真目的与仿真内容,以促进仿真系统的重用和互操作为宗旨,建立了基于HLA的数据链综合仿真系统框架,并对仿真系统的模型功能和结构关系进行描述.此外,提出了系统仿真环境设计的规范与标准,并分析了建立数据链综合仿真系统所需要的软件平台环境.     

基于网关的LVC互操作研究

仿真体系结构解决了各自领域内仿真资源的互操作问题,而体系结构间的互操作是解决多种仿真资源互操作的有效方法.由于通信协议、中间件和对象模型的不同,体系结构间不能直接进行信息交互.对象模型间的相同点是异构仿真系统间互操作的基础.建立异构系统对象模型与通用数据交换模型的映射关系,通过模型转换实现各异构系统间的数据交互,最后通过"点对点"和通用网关间的时延比较,总结了通用网关的性能特点.     

C4ISR系统与仿真应用互操作研究

分析了实现C4ISR 系统与仿真应用互操作的主要技术难点,以JCOS C4I网关为实例,说明了当前实现的C4ISR系统与仿真应用互操作的极端复杂性和高成本.提出了实现C4ISR系统与仿真应用完全互操作的一个可行的办法就是开发互操作技术参考模型(TRM),定义两者共同遵守的技术标准.以C4ISR-Sim互操作TRM为例,介绍了当前开发的一些技术参考模型.论述了开发技术参考模型的一些基本原则.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.