PTFE/Al反应材料制备工艺及性能

氟聚物基反应材料是一种主要由氟聚物和金属填料组成的亚稳态含能复合材料,也是近年来国外研究报道较多的一种新型含能材料.采用冷压、热烧结法制备了PTFE/Al反应材料,测试了其理化性能、热分解性能和力学性能,在此基础上,进一步研究了压制成型和烧结工艺参数.     

The effect of al particle size on thermal decomposition,mechanical strength and sensitivity of Al/ZrH2/PTFE composite

To study the thermal decomposition of Al/ZrH2/PTFE with different Al particle size as well as mechanical strength and impact sensitivity under medium and low strain rates, molding-vacuum sintering was adopted to prepare four groups of power materials and cylindrical specimens with different Al particle size. The active decomposition temperature of ZrH2 was obtained by TG-DSC, and the quasi-static me-chanics/reaction characteristics as well as the impact sensitivity of the specimen were studied respec-tively by quasi-static compression and drop-hammer test. The results show that the yield strength of the material decreased with the increase of the Al particle size, while the compressive strength, failure strain and toughness increased first and then decreased, which reached the maximum values of 116.61 MPa, 191％, and 119.9 MJ/m respectively when the Al particle size is 12—14μm because of particle size grading. The specimens with the highest strength and toughness formed circumferential open cracks and reacted partly when pressed. Those with developmental cracks formed inside did not react. It is considered that fracture of specimens first triggered initial reaction between Al and PTFE to release an amount of heat. Then ZrH2 was activated and decomposed, and participated in subsequent reaction to generate ZrC. The impact sensitivity of the specimens decreased with the increase of Al particle size.     

高焓高压空气加热器壁面传热过程数值计算

以一种高焓高压空气加热器为研究对象,对其冷却通道的流动和传热进行了三维数值仿真,冷却剂采用液态水,燃烧室和喷管分别采用不同的壁面材料,考虑壁面材料物性随温度的变化,并通过加热器热试验证了数值仿真结果的正确性。在此基础上,对比分析了气体辐射、冷却通道结构以及冷却水的流动方式对壁面换热的影响。结果表明:气体辐射对加热器燃烧室段壁面换热影响较大,对喷管壁面换热无明显的影响。在传热计算中,忽略气体辐射会引起较大的误差;冷却通道数和宽度存在最优组合,使得壁面换热量最大。冷却水的流动方式对燃气侧壁面温度影响较小,但对冷却液侧壁面温度的影响较大。     

Chain damage effects of multi-spaced plates by reactive jet impact

Chain damage is a new phenomenon that occurs when a reactive jet impacts and penetrates multi-spaced plates.The reactive jet produces mechanical perforations on the spaced plates by its kinetic energy(KE),and then results in unusual chain rupturing effects and excessive structural damage on the spaced plates by its deflagration reaction.In the present study,the chain damage behavior is initially demonstrated by experiments.The reactive liners,composed of 26 wt％Al and 74 wt％PTFE,are fabricated through a pressing and sintering process.Three reactive liner thicknesses of 0.08 CD,0.10 CD and 0.12 CD(charge diameter)are chosen to carry out the chain damage experiments.The results show a chain rupturing phenomenon caused by reactive jet.The constant reaction delay time and the different penetration velocities of reactive jets from liners with different thicknesses result in the variation of the deflagration position,which consequently determines the number of ruptured plates behind the armor.Then,the finite-element code AUTODYN-3D has been used to simulate the kinetic energy only-induced rupturing effects on plates,based on the mechanism of behind armor debris(BAD).The significant discrepancies between simulations and experiments indicate that one enhanced damage mechanism,the behind armor blast(BAB),has acted on the ruptured plates.Finally,a theoretical model is used to consider the BAB-induced enhancement,and the analysis shows that the rupturing area on aluminum plates depends strongly upon the KE only-induced pre-perforations,the mass of reactive materials,and the thickness of plates.     

Shock-induced reaction behaviors of functionally graded reactive material

In this paper, the ballistic impact experiments, including impact test chamber and impact double-spaced plates, were conducted to study the reaction behaviors of a novel functionally graded reactive material (FGRM), which was composed of polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al) and PTFE/Al/bismuth trioxide (Bi₂O₃). The experiments showed that the impact direction of the FGRM had a significant effect on the reaction. With the same impact velocity, when the first impact material was PTFE/Al/Bi₂O₃, compared with first impact material PTFE/Al, the FGRM induced higher overpressure in the test chamber and larger damaged area of double-spaced plates. The theoretical model, which considered the shock wave generation and propagation, the effect of the shock wave on reaction efficiency, and penetration behaviors, was developed to analyze the reaction behaviors of the FGRM. The model predicted first impact material of the FGRM with a higher shock impedance was conducive to the reaction of reactive materials. The conclusion of this study provides significant information about the design and application of reactive materials.     

气氧/煤油发动机水冷推力室壁热分析

针对气氧／煤油地面试验发动机的热防护问题，采用非定常三维壁温分布模型为主体的分析模型，对槽道式水冷推力室壁温特性进行了计算分析。燃气流与冷却水流采用一维流动模型计算。应用有限差分方法确定了燃气与室壁的换热热流、推力室壁温分布，给出了壁温随时间变化的规律，讨论了冷却水流量对壁温的影响。     

Micromechanical simulation and experimental investigation of aluminum-based nanocomposites

Ceramic reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites are widely used in aerospace and auto industries due to their enhanced mechanical and physical properties. In this research, we investigate the mechanical properties of aluminum/Nano-silica composites through experiments and simulations. Aluminum/Nano-silica composite samples with different weight percentages of silica nanoparticles are prepared via powder metallurgy. In this method, Nano-silica and aluminum powders are mixed and compressed in a mold, followed by sintering at high temperatures. Uniaxial tensile testing of the nanocomposite samples shows that adding one percent of Nano-silica causes a considerable increase in mechanical properties of nanocomposite compared to pure aluminum. A computational micromechanical model, based on a representative volume element of aluminum/silica nanocomposite, is developed in a commercial finite element software. The model employs an elastoplastic material model along with a ductile damage model for aluminum matrix and linear elastic model for nano-silica particles. Via careful determination of model parameters from the experimental results of pure aluminum samples prepared by powder metallurgy, the proposed computational model has shown satisfactory agreement with experiments. The validated computational model can be used to perform a parametric study to optimize the micro-structure of nanocomposite for enhanced mechanical properties.     

Reaction characteristic of PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb composites and application in shaped charge liner

In this paper, the reaction characteristic and its application in shaped charge warhead of a novel reactive material, which introduced copper (Cu) and plumbum (Pb) into traditional polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al), are studied. The thermal analysis and chemical reaction behavior of the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb mixture are investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC),Thermo-gravimetry (TG), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Then, the shaped charge liners with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive materials are fabricated, and the X-ray experiments show that they could form reactive jets with excellent performance under the detonation effects of the shaped charge. Based on that, the penetration experiments of shaped charge with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner against steel plates are carried out, and the results demonstrate that the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets could produce a deeper penetration depth compared to the traditional PTFE/Al reactive jets. Meanwhile, the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets also show significant inner-blast effects, leading to dramatically cracking or fragmentation behavior of the penetrated steel plates. This new PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner shaped charge presents enhanced penetration behavior for steel targets that incorporates the penetration capability of a high-density and ductility jet, and the chemical energy release of PTFE-matrix reactive materials.     

镍基高温合金GH3536表面早期结霜特性实验分析

以镍基高温合金GH3536光滑表面和具有疏水性能的微孔结构表面为研究对象,对其表面的早期结霜特性进行研究。定量分析了表面温度、相对湿度和表面润湿性对霜晶形貌和生长速率的影响。研究结果表明:随着表面温度的降低,霜晶形成的初始时间缩短,生长速率加快,获得四种典型的霜晶形貌。相对湿度的增大导致霜晶数量的增加和形貌的改变,而液滴的凝结和冻结时间与相对湿度无关。对于相同的霜晶形貌,增大相对湿度对霜晶生长有一定的促进作用,而当霜晶形貌变化时,相对湿度的改变将导致霜晶高度和生长速率产生显著差异。由微孔结构构成的疏水表面能够通过增大成核势垒和接触热阻来有效地延迟霜晶的形成,但对随后霜晶生长和形貌的影响可以忽略。     

烧结助剂对碳纳米管增强氮化铝陶瓷结构与性能的影响

采用热压烧结工艺制备了碳纳米管增强氮化铝陶瓷,研究了烧结助剂种类、含量对碳纳米管增强氮化铝陶瓷性能及结构的影响.利用XRD、SEM和TEM等分析测试手段对其相组成,断口形貌和微观结构进行了分析.结果表明,烧结助剂Y2O3+CaF2较YE3+CaF2更能促进碳纳米管增强氮化铝陶瓷致密化,但随烧结助剂Y2O3+CaF2含量的增加,碳纳米管增强氮化铝陶瓷致密度提高,而力学、导热性能下降.     

Effects of Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compositions on reignition characteristics of base bleed propellants and heating mechanism

The effects of magnesium/polytetrafluoroethylene (Mg/PTFE) pyrotechnic compositions on the coupled flow field and reignition mechanism are important aspects governing the performance and range of base bleed projectiles (BBPs).Owing to a decrease in pressure and temperature when the BBP leaves the muzzle,rapid depressurization occurs,which extinguishes the base bleed propellant.The Mg/PTFE py-rotechnic composition pressed in the igniter of the base bleed unit (BBU) provides additional energy to the BBU via a chemical reaction.Thus,the extinguished base bleed propellant is reignited under the effect of high-temperature combustion gas jets from the igniter.In this study,a numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of PTFE and Mg granularity as well as Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compo-sitions.Owing to the rapid depressurization,the temperature and pressure was found to decrease for different Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic compositions.However,the depressurization time increased as the PTFE granularity increased,the Mg granularity decreased,and the Mg content increased.When the pressure in the combustion chamber of the BBU decreased to the atmospheric pressure,the combustion gas jets from the igniter expand upstream (rather than downstream).However,these combustion gas jets exhibit different axial and radial expansion characteristics depending on the pyrotechnic compositions used.The results show that the reignition delay time,td,of the base bleed propellant was 377.608,94.27,387.243,523.966,and 221.094 ms for cases A-E,respectively.Therefore,it was concluded that the Mg/PTFE pyrotechnic composition of case B was the most beneficial for the reignition of the base bleed propellant,with the earliest addition of energy and mass to the BBP.     

高官能度水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯/纳米SiO2杂化材料的制备及性能

以聚己内酯二醇(PCL)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)和季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯(PETA)为原料,合成了高官能度水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯WPUA。以WPUA为有机相,γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TMSPM)改性纳米SiO2为无机相,制备了水性光固化有机/无机纳米杂化体系。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱对合成产物进行了表征,并对杂化薄膜的表面形貌、热稳定性、光固化动力学及力学性能进行了分析。结果表明合成了预期产物,杂化体系中改性纳米SiO2分散均匀稳定;随着SiO2含量的增加,材料的热稳定性、力学性能均有明显提高;不同SiO2条件下体系均保持了较高的光固化速率和最终凝胶含量。     

Effect of wave shaper on reactive materials jet formation and its penetration performance

Wave shaper effect on formation behavior and penetration performance of reactive liner shaped charge (RLSC) are investigated by experiments and simulations. The reactive materials liner with a density of 2.3 g/cm³ is fabricated by cold pressing at a pressure of 300 MPa and sintering at a temperature of 380 °C. Experiments of the RLSC with and without wave shaper against steel plates are carried out at standoffs of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 CD (charge diameter), respectively. The experimental results show that the penetration depths and structural damage effects of steel plates decrease with increasing the standoff, while the penetration depths and the damage effects of RLSC without wave shaper are much greater than that with wave shaper at the same standoff. To understand the unusual experimental results, numerical simulations based on AUTODYN-2D code are conducted to discuss the wave shaper effect, including the propagation behavior of detonation wave, the velocity and temperature distribution of reactive jet, and penetration depth of reactive jet. The simulations indicate that, compared with RLSC without wave shaper, there is a higher temperature produced inside reactive jet with wave shaper. This unusual temperature rise effects are likely to be an important mechanism to cause the initiation delay time of reactive jet to decline, which results in significantly decreasing its penetration performance.     

双酚A环氧树脂改性二氧化双环戊二烯体系固化动力学分析及其性能研究

二氧化双环戊二烯(CDR -0122)环氧树脂固化物的耐热性较好,但脆性大.采用不同质量分数的环氧(E -51)改性CDR -0122.对不同的改性体系进行DSC分析,确定其活化能、反应级数和最佳固化工艺.对改性的CDR - 0122环氧树脂固化物进行力学性能和耐温性能测试.结果表明:当加入E-51的质量分数为30％时,CDR -0122的树脂体系的综合性能最优.相比改性前,改性后的树脂体系活化能略有下降,并且其拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了52.38％和54.77％,但玻璃化转变温度略有下降.     

多芯片焊球阵列封装体受热载荷作用数值模拟

针对典型高密度多芯片BGA(焊球阵列)封装体建立三维有限元分析模型,研究不同尺寸封装体在稳态热载荷作用下的结构变形和应力情况,在此基础上引入包含等效梁和危险焊球真实几何形状和间距等在内的简化模型以进行序列分析,研究各设计参数对力学参量的影响。数值结果反映了封装体应力分布及其变化特点,表明影响封装体变形和应力的主要参数;提出的建模方法简便有效,可以方便地用来分析不同类型的BGA封装,并扩展应用至不同的分析目的,为此种结构的设计和优化提供一定参考。     

储氢电极合金的温度特性研究

针对目前储氢电极合金不适用于电动汽车用大型电池的情况 ,以Ml (NiCoMnTi) 5 合金为例 ,系统研究了温度对储氢电极合金电化学性能的影响。结果表明 :随着温度升高 ,合金的放电容量降低 ,循环稳定性恶化 ,自放电加剧 ;但是在高温下合金的高倍率放电特性得到显著改善。     

纸面石膏板耐火性能试验研究

利用扫描电子显微镜，对经历不同温度和冷却方式的纸面石膏板试块的显微结构进行观察和分析。结果表明：在不同受热温度和冷却方式条件下，纸面石膏板的结构和强度将发生改变。当受热温度达到300℃时，护面纸与石膏芯材结合松动，护面纸发生热分解、炭化，石膏芯材产生裂纹，网状晶体骨架结构疏松、断裂、破碎，完整性遭到破坏，强度基本丧失；受热温度越高，纸面石膏板结构和强度的破坏越严重。     

The mechanical performance and a rate-dependent constitutive model for Al3Ti compound

The Al₃Ti compound has potential application in the high temperature structure materials due to its low density, high strength and stiffness. The mechanical behaviors of the material under different loading rates were studied using compression tests. The results indicate that Al₃Ti is a typical brittle material and its compressive strength is dependent on the strain rate. Therefore, a series of rate-dependent constitutive equations are needed to describe its mechanical behaviors accurately. However, it is still short of professional research on the material model for Al₃Ti. In this study, the material model was developed on the basis of JH-2 constitutive equations using the experimental data. The model was then applied in simulating the impact process of Ti/Al₃Ti metal-intermetallic laminate composites so as to validate the established model. Good agreement between simulation and experiment results shows the constitutive model predict the material responses under high rate and large deformation accurately. This work provides more support for the theoretical and numerical research on the intermetallic.     

Experimental investigation on enhanced damage to fuel tanks by reactive projectiles impact

Enhanced damage to the full-filled fuel tank,impacted by the cold pressed and sintered PTFE/AL/W reactive material projectile(RMP)with a density of 7.8 g/cm3,is investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fuel tank is a rectangular structure,welded by six pieces of 2024 aluminum plate with a thickness of 6 mm,and filled with RP-3 aviation kerosene.Experimental results show that the kerosene is ignited by the RMP impact at a velocity above 1062 m/s,and a novel interior ignition phenomenon which is closely related to the rupture effect of the fuel tank is observed.However,the traditional steel projectile with the same mass and dimension requires a velocity up to 1649 m/s to ignite the kerosene.Based on the experimental results,the radial pressure field is considered to be the main reason for the shear failure of weld.For mechanism considerations,the chemical energy released by the RMP enhances the hydrodynamic ram(HRAM)effect and provides additional ignition sources inside the fuel tank,thereby enhancing both rupture and ignition effects.Moreover,to further understand the enhanced ignition effect of RMP,the reactive debris temperature inside the kerosene is analyzed theoretically.The initiated reactive debris with high temperature provides effective interior ignition sources to ignite the kerosene,resulting in the enhanced ignition of the kerosene.     

铁基非晶纳米晶涂层的耐磨性研究

采用基于机器人的自动化高速电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了FeCrBSiMnNbY非晶纳米晶涂层。研究了非晶纳米晶涂层在油润滑条件下，不同磨损时间、速度、载荷对涂层的磨损行为。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDAX）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对涂层的组织结构进行了表征，利用纳米压痕仪对涂层的力学性能进行了分析，摩擦磨损试验在MM200滑块磨损试验机上进行。结果表明：涂层组织均匀，结构致密，主要由非晶相和α-Fe相纳米晶组成；在相同磨损试验条件下，非晶纳米晶涂层的相对耐磨性为3Cr13涂层的4．6倍，磨损机制主要为脆性疲劳剥落。