基于动网格的翼型设计优化

针对传统基于代理模型的翼型优化的缺陷,提出采用基于动网格的翼型优化;针对基本Hicks-Henne方法后缘不光滑情况进行了改进;采用自编程序实现动网格生成,通过集成商业软件Pointwise和CFD计算软件Fluent完成边界条件生成和流场解算,并实现上述程序和软件间的数据交互和自动化,整个优化流程在iSIGHT平台下执行,优化算例表明基于动网格的翼型优化方法能大幅提高翼型性能,节省大量的重复性操作,增加优化结果的鲁棒性和可信度,是翼型优化中的一种有效方法。     

喷嘴结构对高压水射流影响及结构参数优化设计

喷嘴是产生高压水射流的关键部件,其结构形式对射流动力学性能有很大影响。以圆柱形喷嘴为对象,进行喷嘴结构对高压水射流的影响分析及结构参数优化设计。采用两相流计算流体力学模型进行喷嘴内外的射流流场分析。为节省计算资源,在优化设计时引入Kriging代理模型替代计算流体力学模型。分别采用改进的非劣分类遗传算法和基于分解的多目标进化算法进行单目标和多目标优化设计。研究结果表明:直线型喷嘴总体性能较优,凹型喷嘴的次之,凸型喷嘴性能最差。以直线型喷嘴为设计对象,以射流初始段长度和流量为目标,得到了单目标和多目标优化设计结果。单目标优化时,两个指标较基准外形分别提高14.71%和27.56%。多目标优化时,优化得到的半锥角处于[15.4°,89.8°]区间内。运用代理模型和进化算法的全局优化方法在进行喷嘴的优化设计时是有效的。     

基于参数化建模的包带式星箭连接结构优化设计

采用MSC.Patran参数化建模和遗传算法进行包带式星箭连接结构优化设计。首先给出了包带连接结构二维轴对称模型优化设计过程中涉及的V形卡块刚度等效、包带预紧力模拟和载荷施加方法,以及强度和刚度约束条件、优化目标等内容;然后以某直径为3m的包带连接结构为例进行了优化设计,并分析了对接框内延伸段长度和端头高度对应力及变形的影响;最后建立三维有限元模型进行静力分析。结果表明（1）该方法适用于包带连接结构的优化设计;（2）增加对接框内延伸段长度和端头高度能够提高整体连接刚度;（3）三维有限元模型与轴对称模型计算结果一致,验证了轴对称模型分析方法的正确性,以及V形卡块等效和预紧力模拟方法的有效性。     

适定的跨音速翼型反设计方法研究

从不可压流反问题的Lightll准确解中可知,翼面压强分布和自由来流速度两者不能同时独立地给定。这意味着对于给定的压强分布存在着一个约束条件,否则,反设计问题就是不适定的。对于可压缩流动,同样应该存在类似的约束条件。本文在这方面做了初步探索,给出了一种满足这种约束条件的跨音速翼型反设计方法。在此方法中,目标压强分布包含一个自由参数,在计算中可调整此参数使压强分布满足本文推导出的正则化条件。     

基于转置卷积神经网络的翼型结冰冰形图像化预测方法

结冰问题严重影响飞机飞行安全,结冰智能预测是飞机智能防除冰系统设计和安全设计的重要依据和支撑。为解决复杂冰形在翼面同一位置的法线方向冰形厚度存在多值的问题,提出基于转置卷积神经网络的翼型结冰冰形图像化预测方法。设计预测模型的神经网络结构、损失函数、数据规范等,直接将影响飞机结冰的飞行和大气条件作为输入,以灰度化的冰形图像作为输出。基于NACA0012翼型,通过数值模拟方法生成冰形数据集,同时利用风洞试验结果对数值模拟方法进行验证,以确保生成数据的可信度。构建以飞行速度、温度、液态水含量、平均水微滴直径和结冰时长5项参数作为输入的预测模型,并进行仿真训练和验证。仿真结果表明:所提翼型结冰预测模型不仅能够快速预测翼型冰形,而且在冰体轮廓、结冰上下极限、冰角位置、结冰厚度等主要特征方面也与数值计算结果符合较好。     

外挂式导弹机弹分离气动干扰特性研究

以经典的机翼/挂架/导弹组合模型为例,采用重叠网格软件系统和计算流体力学技术,从机弹干扰工况简化和气动干扰特性影响因素分析两个方面对外挂式导弹机弹分离气动干扰特性进行研究。导弹分离轨迹参数和气动干扰系数的数值预示结果与捕获轨迹试验结果吻合,表明该计算方法能有效预测机弹分离轨迹和分析导弹与载机间复杂气动干扰现象。根据计算流体力学结果,从马赫数、机翼攻角、导弹攻角等方面,给出导弹在不同分离工况下的气动干扰规律,并采用增量系数法对缺失工况进行一阶外插处理的气动干扰数据外推方法,可应用于机载外挂空基武器的机弹分离轨迹预示和气动干扰特性设计中,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

考虑双方风险的定数截尾抽样方案算法优化

在考虑双方风险不同的成败型定数截尾抽样方案设计时,存在尝试法计算复杂、灵活性不高等问题,设计了一种适用性和灵活性较强的优化算法。对抽样方案中累加方程组的等价变形和单调规律分析,采用动态选择步长的方法对已有算法进行优化改进。并针对工程使用中不同风险选择原则难的问题,结合在双方协定的初始风险相等和不等两种情形下,以风险接近为基本原则,构建了风险选择的准则方程。最后传统方法计算结果与该优化算法结果进行对比分析,其结果表明,计算效率得到了较大提升,增强了工程实用性。     

基于齐默曼布局的微小型无人机气动布局设计研究

齐默曼布局是小展弦比实现大升阻比的优秀气动布局,相比于矩形翼等传统布局非常适合微小型无人飞行器使用。采用综合方法针对齐默曼布局开展小型飞行器的总体设计与气动设计工作,包括以下四个阶段,即通过给定设计目标对无人机任务载荷进行选型;基于翼载、质量和翼型之间相互迭代确定无人机总体参数;结合计算流体力学方法对无人机进行数值模拟,最终获得无人机具体气动参数并指导电子部件与飞控选型;通过工程试制完成样机制造并进行外出试飞实验,验证了齐默曼布局在低雷诺数下的气动优势。研究结果表明,齐默曼布局在微型固定翼无人机应用中展现出良好的表现。据此,本文进一步构建了一套基于齐默曼布局的高性能微小型固定翼飞行器设计方案。     

板翅式机油散热器空气冷却侧阻力性能数值模拟

建立了板翅式机油散热器冷却空气侧波纹翅片通道的稳态湍流数学模型,应用CFD(计算流体力学)方法对车用板翅式机油散热器空气冷却侧阻力性能进行数值分析,计算结果与台架试验数据基本吻合。通过分析得到的阻力系数与平均流速拟合函数,可为散热器的设计和优化提供参考。     

吻切锥乘波构型优化设计与分析

吻切锥乘波构型是未来高超声速有动力巡航飞行器气动外形重要的设计参考。采用参数化设计方法实现了吻切锥乘波构型的设计,并利用工程估算的方法对构型的气动性能进行了分析;在多参数正交试验分析的基础上,开展了以升阻比,容积和容积率为目标的设计优化。CFD计算显示,优化的外形具有良好的升阻比和容积率性能,且底部流动均匀,是实现高超声速飞行器前体/超燃发动机进气道一体化的重要参考。     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

Does Intent equal Capability? Al-Qaeda and Weapons of Mass Destruction

The prospect of terrorists deploying weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is often referred to as the foremost danger to American national security. This danger has become more realistic because of al-Qaeda's expanding global network and the expressed willingness to kill thousands of civilians. In the past four years, numerous media reports have documented the group's ongoing quest for WMD capabilities; many reports have detailed al-Qaeda members’ attempts to manufacture or obtain certain chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents to use in WMD against targets in the West and the Middle East. Yet the question remains: Does al-Qaeda's current WMD capability match its actual intent? While most studies of the group have focused on its explicit desire for WMD, allegations of CBRN acquisition, and the killing potential of specific CBRN agents, few open-source studies have closely examined the evolution of al-Qaeda's consideration of WMD and, most notably, the merit of actual CBRN production instructions as depicted and disseminated in the group's own literature and manuals. The following report will examine the history of al-Qaeda's interest in CBRN agents, the evolution of the network's attitude toward these weapons, and the internal debate within the organization concerning acquisition and use of WMD. More so, the following research will assess the validity of actual CBRN production instructions and capabilities as displayed and disseminated in al-Qaeda's own literature and websites.     

Late Medieval Lance Use: Mounted Combat and Martial Arts in Western Europe from the 14th to the 16th Century

Despite the lance’s status and the amount of attention the couched lance has received in historiography, study of its martial art has been neglected. The various lance types and techniques used by western European cavalry have only recently begun to receive scholarly attention. Additionally, Medieval European lance use has too often been studied in isolation, without an adequate understanding of the idiosyncratic and asymmetrical dynamics of mounted combat. Although the charge with the couched lance was a valid tactic, it was only one of many. Light and heavy lances were used in one hand or two to trip, block, unhorse, and wrestle. These techniques were governed by the harsh laws of distance, speed, impact, iron, and asymmetry. By utilizing the surviving Fechtbücher and several Peninsular and Near Eastern sources, a brief foray into the diverse techniques of lance use and their purposes has been attempted here.     

A model for geographically distributed combat interactions of swarming naval and air forces

This article describes the Distributed Interaction Campaign Model (DICM), an exploratory campaign analysis tool and asset allocation decision‐aid for managing geographically distributed and swarming naval and air forces. The model is capable of fast operation, while accounting for uncertainty in an opponent's plan. It is intended for use by commanders and analysts who have limited time for model runs, or a finite budget. The model is purpose‐built for the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment, and supports analysis of the following questions: What happens when swarms of geographically distributed naval and air forces engage each other and what are the key elements of the opponents’ force to attack? Are there changes to force structure that make a force more effective, and what impacts will disruptions in enemy command and control and wide‐area surveillance have? Which insights are to be gained by fast exploratory mathematical/computational campaign analysis to augment and replace expensive and time‐consuming simulations? An illustrative example of model use is described in a simple test scenario. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 562–576, 2016     

Thomas Firth and Sons – Steelmakers to the Arms Industries. Part 2: Heavy Armaments

Firth’s were the first of the Sheffield steel makers to enter the field armaments. Their involvement with Colt has been outlined in an article in the journal of the Colt Collectors Association in America and their activities as steelmakers to the small-arms industries has been covered in a previous issue of this Journal. This article gives a brief overview of their involvement as manufacturers in the field of heavy armaments, being the first to make all-steel guns and their evolving role in the use of steel for ordnance, culminating in the displacement of wrought iron by the adoption of steel for ordnance manufacture by the Royal Gun Factory in the 1880s. It also highlights their development of stainless steel in this context.     

Information Is Not a Weapons System

ABSTRACT

While many militaries have tried to capitalize on the potential of information operations in internal war, few have succeeded. I argue that military information campaigns fall short of expectations for two reasons. First, the theory of influence militaries generally embrace – communications as a non-lethal weapons system – is largely invalid. While treating information as a weapons system makes it easier to integrate it into the existing military planning system, this overstates the independent effects of communications on behavior and understates the importance of interactive effects of what commercial marketing theory refers to as the “marketing mix” – product, price, promotion, and placement. It would be more appropriate to treat military information operations as a form of marketing: a composite effort to induce a specific behavior in a target audience by applying a combination of material and ideational instruments. The marketing model suggests that the efficacy of information operations will depend not simply on the message and its delivery (promotion) but on the behavior the sender seeks to induce (the product), the costs of that behavior (the price), and the opportunities available for such behavior (the placement).