舰艇摇摆对雷达目标跟踪精度的影响分析

舰艇的摇摆与摇摆角度测量误差和角速度测量误差会引起雷达对目标观测的偏差,进而对雷达的目标跟踪精度产生影响.针对此类问题,从误差产生的根源上进行分析,由舰艇摇摆模型建立起了目标观测误差模型,通过仿真计算,分析了舰艇摇摆对雷达目标观测造成的影响,以及由此引起对目标跟踪精度的影响,所得结论具有一定工程实践指导意义.     

基于多传感器径向速度测量的目标跟踪方法

针对基于位置信息的目标跟踪在初始跟踪和运动模型变化阶段航向估计精度低的情况,利用传感器径向速度测量精度较高的特性,提出了一种基于多传感器径向速度测量的目标跟踪方法,解决数据更新周期长、定位精度低情况下目标跟踪的精度问题。仿真实验证明采用文中所提方法对跟踪精度有较大的提高。     

天基预警系统多体制传感器综合调度方法

为提高天基预警系统对多目标的跟踪能力,提出扫描传感器纬度区间扫描模式和凝视传感器目标群跟踪模式,并基于此种模式设计基于聚类的扫描传感器纬度区间扫描调度方法和凝视相机目标群跟踪调度方法。由于诸多传感器的工作模式、探测频率、测量误差、视场模型均不相同,推导不同探测频率、视线误差的多传感器联合观测跟踪的克拉美-罗下界计算公式。综合运用以上方法,建立多体制传感器综合调度优化方法。仿真试验表明,该方法比传统工作模式下的系统对多目标具有更高的跟踪精度。     

用于目标跟踪无线传感器网络的动态分簇算法

针对跟踪精度和网络能耗的问题,提出了一种用于目标跟踪无线传感器网络的基于预测的动态分簇算法.把目标运动过程看作是高斯马尔可夫过程,根据目标历史轨迹,估计下一时刻位置坐标和运动速度,然后基于估计结果优化选择分簇的簇头和簇成员,形成一个动态分簇来实现目标跟踪.仿真结果表明:该算法使目标跟踪有较好的跟踪精度,能有效均衡网络能耗,延长网络寿命.     

舰载传感器测量误差链分析

详细分析并推导了舰载传感器测量误差传播和演化模型.给出了舰载传感器测量依托的几个基准坐标系,对测量过程中的误差定义和原因进行了简要分析;给出了目标测量跟踪误差演化的坐标转换过程模型,并根据误差的特点,基于一阶泰勒展式给出了误差链线性化近似解析表达式;结合一种典型应用场景,采用误差传播的灵敏度分析方法,对舰载传感器几类主要测量误差的传播进行量化分析.     

基于半定规划的无源跟踪最佳传感器选择

在多站测向定位系统中,观测站与目标的几何位置影响目标定位跟踪精度。以目标估计的克-劳美罗下界(CRLB)行列式最大值为优化指标,在考虑传感器自身的探测能力等实际约束的前提下,建立了无源协同跟踪下最佳传感器选择优化模型。提出了一种基于半定规划(SDP)算法将上述组合优化问题转换为凸优化问题,进行优化求解。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性,与松弛算法和随机选择算法相比,基于SDP的传感器选择可以进一步提高无源协同跟踪的精度。     

基于实测光电跟踪仪误差的分布检验及应用

对光电跟踪仪跟踪误差特性分析是进行精度试验数据分析处理的前提基础。为了研究光电跟踪仪对空中目标角跟踪测量误差的分布规律,综合采用偏峰度联合检验即Jarque-Bera法和Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数统计方法,对实测误差数据进行分布检验。检测结果表明光电跟踪仪角度测量误差中远端区段符合正态分布,近区测量误差80%航次不符合正态分布。所得结论为光电跟踪仪精度试验设计和数据处理算法的确定提供了科学依据。     

二进制无线传感器网络目标定位解析算法初步研究

针对二进制传感器网络目标定位跟踪问题,提出一种利用传感器位置信息和目标穿过传感器探测区域的时间信息进行解算的解析算法,并对该算法进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,相对于目前最常用的线性拟和算法,该算法具有对目标经过的传感器数量要求低、解算精度高等优点。     

基于跟踪精度控制的多传感器管理方法

针对地面机动目标跟踪过程中的多传感器管理问题展开了研究，设计了一种基于跟踪精度控制的多传感器多目标分配方法。首先，在考虑目标与目标之间、目标与传感器之间和传感器与传感器之间等的多种约束条件下运用基于协方差控制的思想建立了多传感器多目标分配问题的优化模型；接着将等价伪量测的异步融合算法与IMM算法结合，计算各目标在不同融合周期的跟踪精度估计值；最后，以目标的跟踪精度需求为出发点，结合蚁群算法的思想，设计了一种求解所建立的多传感器多目标分配问题的优化模型的算法。仿真结果表明：该管理方法能在确保跟踪精度需求的前提下，根据对各目标跟踪任务的重要程度，合理地调度传感器资源。     

舰船电场传感器水下定位方法

为提高船舶电场传感器在水下测量电场时的定位与姿态测量精度,设计了舰船电场传感器新型水下姿态位置测量装置,提出了利用该装置测量舰船电场传感器水下姿态位置的方法,并研究了水下姿态位置数据处理方法和位置、姿态计算方法。通过对水下姿态位置测量装置的测量误差分析,所设计的测量方法位置精度可控制在1m之内,是一种有效的船舶电场传感器水下定位与姿态测量方法。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.