构筑核生化防御的“盾牌”——核生化洗消新技术与新装备

一次世界大战中,德军首次使用了持久性毒剂——芥子气,造成大量人员中毒伤亡。随后,大规模杀伤性生化武器和原子武器也相继在战场上亮相。为了保障战斗人员在核生化条件下生存,维持其作战能力,及时恢复遭受核生化攻击部队的战斗力,开始出现了防化洗消保障装备。几十年来。防化洗消技术与装备得到了各国的普遍重视。它与防护、侦检三位一体,筑成了棱生化防御的坚固长城,大大削弱了核生化武器的杀伤力。     

核生化救援力量应急动员应注重把握的三个问题

随着现代核生化武器的不断发展和各种核生化企业的不断兴起,核生化救援力量无论在平时还是战时都将担负更加繁重的任务。新形势下,搞好核生化救援力量应急动员,应注重把握以下三个问题。要坚持统一领导、集中实施。核生化救援力量应急动员是一项复杂的社会性工作,涉及面广,政策性强,涉及到军地各个方面。因此,不论是对战时核生化或次生核生化救援,还是平时生产中造成的核生化事故救援,救援力量的动员都必须在当地党委政府与军事机关的统一领导下,在上级国防动员委员会的指挥和当地国防动员委员会协调下,统一安排,统一计划,统一组织,统一行动…     

第八讲 学点“三防”知识

对核武器、化学武器和生物武器的防护,简称“三防”。从目前情况看,这三种大规模杀伤性武器虽在战争中使用的可能性越来越小,但未来战争中使用核生化武器的威胁还是存在的。况且,随着核、生、化武器的一些技术已广泛应用于工业生产,各种各样的事故隐藏在我们的日常生活之中,如核泄漏,化工厂爆炸引起的化学物质外泄,等等。因此,中小学生在军事训练中很有必要掌握这三种大规模杀伤破坏性武器的一般防护方法,以便在战争和严重灾害事故面前,有保护自己的基本技能。     

适应形势任务 拓展国防动员应急功能

信息时代,国家安全形势呈现综合性、复杂性、多变性,要求国防动员系统必须着眼应对多种安全威胁,在深入开发应战功能、充分做好应战准备的基础上,积极开发应急功能、做好应急准备,提高应对多种安全威胁的能力。     

坚实的防化盾牌——我军防化装备扫瞄

防化装备是核生化防护、发烟及燃烧武器的统称。它们是部队在核生化条件下作战的重要物质基础,是保障合成军行动自由与安全的重要技术手段。核生化防护装备用于及时发现核生化袭击,查明危害范围、程度,进行防护和洗消;发烟装备用于遮蔽、干扰、迷盲精确制导武器;燃烧武器则是近战攻堡、破障的利器。目前,我军已装备装甲型防化侦察车、透气式防护服、洗消车、发烟车等新型防化装备,部分装备达到了国际先进水平。在和平时期,这些装备被用于核化事故应急救援、反恐行动、生物疫情防护、处理日本遗弃在华化学武器等活动,为保护国家财产和人民生命安全发挥了重要作用,铸就了坚实的防化盾牌。     

民兵、预备役部队在应对边境突发事件行动中担负的主要任务刍议

民兵、预备役部队应对边境突发事件,既可能应对战争行动,又可能应对非战争行动,还可能应对战争行动与非战争行动相互交织的局面;从担负的任务看,既要参加边境封控、边境防卫等作战任务,又要参加处置越境人员、消除核生化沾染、组织平暴治乱等维稳任务,也要适时遂行紧急支前各种保障任务,还要准备遂行省内重要城市和重点目标防空防护任务。综合分析,民兵、预备役部队在应对边境突发事件中,将担负"为现役部队扩编补充兵员""参加支援边境应突防卫""组织应急支前保障""组织进行城市和要地防空"和"维护社会安全稳定"五大任务。     

航母三防

现代海战中参战一方为了最大程度打击对方有可能实施核武器攻击,化学毒剂攻击和生物战剂攻击,这种攻击称为核生化攻击。核生化攻击下的水面舰艇所处在的环境称为核生化环境,核生化环境包括核生化污染逼近之前,核生化污染期间, 以及舰上核生化沾染被完全洗消之前水面舰艇所处的环境条件。水面舰艇在核生化环境下防护舰员免受核生化伤害,防护核生化污染船体和武器设备等,使舰仍能保持舰船控制、推进、通信,称为水面舰艇的核生化防护,简称三防。水面舰艇的三防技术由简易不完整逐步发展到复杂完整,简易的三防是核生化环境下全舰密闭并迅速离开核生化污染区。完整的三防是舰在整个自持力期间实施三防,并能执行战斗任务。本文介绍航母完整的三防。     

论核生化防护与信息化作战

核生化威胁条件下的信息化联合作战是未来战争的基本形式。贴近实战,推进核生化防护信息化发展是未来作战的客观要求,也是提升整体核生化防护能力的必由之路。对我国核生化威胁形势进行了剖析,分析了美军核生化防护与信息化作战的现状,提出了军队核生化防护信息化建设的整体构架。     

抗震救灾军需物资保障探讨

抗震救灾军需物资保障实践表明:应对未来战争,要高度重视军需物资工作,扎实做好应急保障准备,建立高效的供应保障机制,充分发挥联勤分部的作用。     

战场多级核生化态势生成方法研究

详细介绍和描述了核生化态势的分类问题,提出了战场多级核生化态势的概念,分别对作业级、作战指挥级、作战筹划级核生化态势的要素及生成方式进行了研究,并进行了对比分析.多级核生化态势可以为不同层级的用户提供专业、有效的态势信息,满足核生化作战的技术需求.     

消防部队在核事故应急救援中的个人防护

为避免和减少消防部队在核事故应急救援中受到辐射伤害,着重从辐射效应、人体损伤特点、剂量控制、防护措施以及医学干预等方面进行探讨,以指导消防官兵做好辐射伤害的个人防护。     

The Requirements of Nuclear Stability in South Asia

While recent history arguably demonstrates a high level of nuclear stability in South Asia, this article argues that this stability has historically been a function of India's relative weakness. It argues that, as India becomes stronger, attention must be paid to the technical and political requirements of nuclear stability: the reliability of weapons and command and control and the political conditions that underpin stable relations between nuclear-armed states. It concludes by recommending the United States aim to modify the perceptions of regional elites about their various intentions and decision-making processes and the role of the United States as crisis manager.     

Special Section: Nuclear Stability In South Asia

The question of nuclear stability in South Asia is a subject of both academic and policy significance. It is the only region in the world that has three, contiguous nuclear-armed states: India, the People's Republic of China, and Pakistan. It is also freighted with unresolved border disputes. To compound matters, all three states are now modernizing their nuclear forces and have expressed scant interest in any form of regional arms control. These issues and developments constitute the basis of this special section, which explores the problems and prospects of nuclear crisis stability in the region.     

Effects of Nuclear Technology Export Competition on Nuclear Nonproliferation

ABSTRACT

While nuclear suppliers compete in markets, they simultaneously partner in other fields. This produces a delicate relationship between civilian nuclear programs and nuclear weapon proliferation. This study explores how export competition affects suppliers’ conditions of supply related to nuclear nonproliferation. We investigated three export cases (India, North Korea, and South Korea) and identified four effects that competition has on the conditions of supply related to nonproliferation. First, under highly competitive conditions, suppliers might hesitate to enforce the conditions of supply to avoid negotiation conflicts with recipients. Second, suppliers focus on politically and economically attractive recipients while mostly ignoring unattractive ones, perhaps allowing proliferation problems to fester out of view in marginal states. Third, suppliers can build consensus on the conditions of supply to avoid being the only party experiencing negotiation conflicts. Fourth, suppliers can constrain others from relaxing the conditions of supply to maintain economic benefits and nonproliferation norms. The first two effects accelerate proliferation while the last two promote nonproliferation. Although the extent of these effects can vary with changes in nonproliferation norms, they can contribute to our understanding of the relationship between nonproliferation and civilian nuclear programs.     

Iran’s Nuclear Fatwa: Analysis of a Debate

For more than a decade, Iran has been referring to a fatwa issued by its Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, proscribing nuclear weapons. The fatwa, however, not only failed to influence the process that led to the resolution of Iran’s nuclear crisis, but also has been met with a good deal of skepticism. The most commonly held suspicions about the credibility of the fatwa can be summed up in five central questions: (1) Has the nuclear fatwa actually been issued? (2) Does the fatwa apply to all the aspects of nuclear weapons including their production, possession and use? (3) What is the juridical status of the fatwa? (4) Was the nuclear fatwa issued only to deceive other nations? (5) Is the fatwa really irreversible? This article tries to answer these questions by providing a chronological review of the fatwa and analyzing all the relevant statements by Khamenei. The analysis is conducted against the background of Islamic principles, Shi’a jurisprudence and the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article concludes that the fatwa is a credible religious decree and could indeed contribute to the cause of nuclear disarmament.     

朝核问题对中国边境安全的影响

朝核问题一直是困扰东北亚地区安全的核心问题，自20世纪90年代第一次朝核危机至今．朝核问题不但没有得到妥善解决，反而更加复杂。2006年10月9日，朝鲜宣布成功进行了地下核试验，朝鲜半岛再一次成为全球关注的焦点。在前人研究的基础上，就朝核问题产生的背景，朝核问题对中国边境地区经济、地区稳定以及生态环境等方面产生的影响进行分析和探讨。     

Nuclear Weapons and the Vietnam War

This article analyzes why US leaders did not use nuclear weapons during the Vietnam War. To date, there has been no systematic study of US decision-making on nuclear weapons during this war. This article offers an initial analysis, focusing on the Johnson and Nixon administrations. Although US leaders did not come close to using nuclear weapons in the conflict, nuclear options received more attention than has previously been appreciated. Johnson's advisers raised the issue of nuclear weapons and threats on several occasions, and Henry Kissinger, Nixon's national security adviser, looked into nuclear options to bring the war to an end. Ultimately, however, both administrations privately rejected such options. The conventional explanation for the non-use of nuclear weapons during the Cold War – deterrence – is insufficient to explain the Vietnam case. This article analyzes the role of military, political and normative considerations in restraining US use of nuclear weapons in the Vietnam War. It argues that while military and political considerations, including escalation concerns, are part of the explanation, a taboo against the use of nuclear weapons played a critical role.     

India's Evolving Nuclear Posture

This article analyzes India's nuclear doctrine, finding it to be critically flawed and inimical to strategic stability in South Asia. In pursuing an ambitious triad of nuclear forces, India is straying from the sensible course it charted after going overtly nuclear in 1998. In doing so, it is exacerbating the triangular nuclear dilemma stemming from India's simultaneous rivalries with China and Pakistan. Strategic instability is compounded by India's pursuit of conventional “proactive strategy options,” which have the potential to lead to uncontrollable nuclear escalation on the subcontinent. New Delhi should reaffirm and redefine its doctrine of minimum credible nuclear deterrence, based on small nuclear forces with sufficient redundancy and diversity to deter a first strike by either China or Pakistan. It should also reinvigorate its nuclear diplomacy and assume a leadership role in the evolving global nuclear weapon regime.     

French Nuclear Diplomacy

“French nuclear diplomacy” is the French government's use of civilian nuclear cooperation agreements (NCAs) to advance specific commercial and strategic interests. During the heart of the so-called nuclear renaissance, the Élysée Palace aggressively peddled France's nuclear expertise and technology abroad, signing over a dozen new NCAs in an effort to bring in business for the French industry, forge diplomatic relationships, and promote global nonproliferation norms. Several years later, however, the outcomes of France's aggressive global nuclear power push appear nominal at best. This article explores the mixed results of this nuclear campaign, and through three case studies, illustrates how many of France's commercial and political disappointments stem from unrealistic expectations and the disorganization of the French nuclear complex.     

核辐射监测技术的形势与发展

从军事社会需求与相关应用技术进展两个角度分析了当前核辐射监测技术面临的新形势．在此基础上,展望了核辐射监测技术各个领域的发展方向与趋势,指出核辐射监测技术标准化与国际化是技术发展的必然要求。