NiCoFe-LDHs对甲基橙的吸附性能研究

选用NiCoFe-LDHs作为吸附剂,研究其对甲基橙的吸附性能。通过Weber-Morris内扩散模型,研究了吸附过程中甲基橙在NiCoFe-LDHs上的扩散,考察了溶液温度和pH值对吸附性能的影响,并探究了吸附过程的热力学变化。结果表明:NiCoFe-LDHs对甲基橙的吸附分为3个阶段:表面扩散、孔内扩散和粒子内扩散;吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,吸附反应为吸热反应,且为熵增过程;溶液pH值为5时吸附率最高,达到97.1%,吸附量达到825 mg/g。     

La掺杂纳米TiO2光催化降解TNT的动力学

以掺杂La的纳米TiO2作光催化剂，研究了光催化降解TNT的动力学规律，考察了TNT初始质量浓度、催化剂用量、初始pH、通氧速率及光照强度等因素对TNT光催化降解的影响。试验结果表明：在不同初始质量浓度、初始pH、通氧速率、光照强度及催化剂用量为0．3～2．0g／L的条件下，TNT光催化降解反应遵循拟一级动力学规律，且可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型描述；当催化剂用量为0．1g／L时，该反应可认为是震缀反应．     

NiCoFe-LDHs的制备、表征及吸附性能

层状复合金属氢氧化物(LDHs)由于具有独特的层状结构和优异的阴离子交换能力,使其在环境污染治理领域受到了越来越多的关注。采用传统的共沉淀法制备了物质的量比不同的Ni Co Fe三元金属基LDHs,通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BET等一系列表征,研究了吸附时间和甲基橙初始质量浓度对吸附效果的影响。实验发现:Ni~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Fe~(3+)物质的量比为1∶3∶1时,其吸附性能优于其他NiCoFe-LDHs,在甲基橙初始质量浓度为10 mg/L时,有效吸附率达到了93%。吸附测试数据表明,甲基橙质量浓度较低时,等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir模型,质量浓度较高时,符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型。由此推测吸附过程可分为表面单层吸附与层间阴离子交换两个阶段,且吸附过程由化学吸附控制。通过计算得出单层Ni_1Co_3Fe_1-LDHs对甲基橙的饱和吸附量为460.83 mg/g,因此NiCoFe-LDHs可作为去除水染料污染物的良好吸附剂。     

纳米TiO2催化剂催化降解含酚废水的动力学

采用超声溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米二氧化钛粉末,并利用DSC-TGA和XRD等技术进行了结构表征;采用SGY-1型多功能光化学反应仪对纳米二氧化钛光催化降解含酚废水的动力学特征进行了研究.结果表明,制备的纳米二氧化钛颗粒在酚类废水降解中表现出很好的催化活性,30 min内降解率达90%以上,并满足准一级反应动力学特征.废水中不同酚类化合物的光催化降解速率顺序为:对氨基苯酚>对甲氧基苯酚>对氯苯酚;对氨基苯酚>间氨基苯酚>邻氨基苯酚.     

不同的扩散模型对再入体等离子体鞘电子密度分布的影响

本文研究不同的扩散模型对再入体等离子体鞘电子密度分布的影响。由于电子和离子的质量相差三个量级以上,电子的浓度扩散速度比离子大得多,引起正负电荷分离。由此产生的诱导电场又阻碍带电粒子的扩散运动。本文同时考虑这二种影响扩散的因素,得到了非平衡等离子体鞘带电粒子分布的数值解,并与准中性模型、双极扩散模型等其它三种近似模型进行了比较。计算表明:流场的大部份区域满足等离子体准中性假定,但在物面和激波附近存在电荷分离较明显的薄层,其厚度约为Debye屏蔽长度的量级。这种边界效应对中性粒子的分布影响甚微,但对带电粒子的分布则产生一定的影响。由此可以判断各种扩散模型的适用性。     

阻化烟煤堆非稳态温度场计算

依据实验测得的干、水湿和阻化烟煤氧化反应的动力学参数 ,引入了氧传质模型和水蒸气平衡模型 ,利用计算机编程对干、水湿和阻化烟煤堆内的一维非稳态自热过程的模型分别进行差分计算 ,求得相应煤堆内的非稳态温度场。结果表明 ,采用简化的一维自热过程的非稳态数学模型计算 ,可以剖析氧传递、水蒸气平衡和阻化处理对煤堆自热的影响 ,可以评价实际煤堆的自热危险性和判断烟煤堆的阻化处理效果     

受油类污染棉纤维的热分解动力学研究

利用热分析技术对受油类污染的棉纤维的热分解特性和热分解动力学进行了研究。经过不同机制热分解模型的拟合，提出了受实验用油污染棉纤维的热分解动力学机理，并建立了其热分解动力学方程。结果表明：受油类污染的样品比未受污染的热分解起始温度明显降低，其热分解过程主要分为两个阶段，第一个阶段的热分解动力学机理为一维扩散控制，第二个阶段的热分解动力学机制相对复杂，可能为相边界反应，圆柱形或是球形对称机理。     

聚磷酸铵热分解动力学模型研究

用热重法（TG）对聚磷酸铵的热分解进行了分析。结果表明,聚磷酸铵受热分三步分解,其热分解机理均为三维扩散分解,并用微分法中的Achar法对热分解的数据进行处理,用多种机理方程进行了拟合,得到了聚磷酸铵第一热分解阶段的热分解动力学参数及分解动力学模型。     

SCB型钢结构防火涂料热分解动力学模型研究

用热重法(TG)对SCB型钢结构防火涂料的热分解过程进行了分析,并用微分法中的Achar法对热分解的数据进行处理,用多种机理方程进行了拟合,发现SCB型防火涂料的热分解可分为四个阶段:第一阶段热分解属于随机核化,第二、第三、第四阶段热分解属于三维扩散,球形对称机理。     

高功率密度柴油机热部件散热量MAP研究

为满足某型高功率密度柴油机智能化控制冷却系统的设计需要,构建了高功率密度柴油机与冷却系统的工作过程耦合模型。利用该模型计算了柴油机关键热部件的散热量MAP,并对结果进行了分析。结果表明:一级中冷和二级中冷散热量随环境温度升高而降低;级间中冷散热量随环境温度的升高而升高。应用该方法能够快速掌握高功率密度柴油机的散热规律,为制定智能化控制冷却系统的控制策略提供依据。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.