高动物油含量餐饮废油制备生物柴油

针对重庆餐饮废油动物油含量高的特点，用氢氧化钠作催化剂制备生物柴油，得到最佳工艺条件为：醇油质量比25％，催化剂用量1．0％，反应温度60℃，反应时间60min，搅拌强度3000r／min。在该工艺条件下，进行数据放大实验，生物柴油的产率可以达到93．6％，说明该工艺条件适合工业生产。生物柴油产品质量达到国家标准；与0号柴油调和使用可以很好地改善其低温流动性能。     

离子液体[SO3H-Bmim][HSO4]催化餐饮废油制备生物柴油

实验合成了一种磺酸基功能化离子液体,并用于催化高酸值餐饮废油制备生物柴油。当醇油物质的量之比为8∶1,离子液体用量为废油质量的0.8%,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为180min,生物柴油的产率可达到90.6%。该离子液体可以在比较温和的条件下将餐饮废油的酸值从13.22mgKOH/g降低到1mgKOH/g以下,然后利用NaOH催化生产生物柴油,会达到更高的产率,更为经济可行。     

粉末涂料聚酯树脂合成研究

在合成粉末涂料聚酯树脂的配方中,重点研究了催化剂、抗氧剂、酸值、醇的损失对聚酯树脂玻璃化温度的影响,并将合成产品进行表征,主要性能指标与美国同类产品接近。     

富马酸二甲酯的固体酸催化合成及HPLC检测

以SO42-/TiO2固体超强酸为催化剂催化富马酸与甲醇合成富马酸二甲酯,探讨了催化剂制备条件、原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对富马酸二甲酯收率的影响.并采用HPLC,快速方便地检测富马酸二甲酯的收率,并考察由不同比例的甲醇/水、乙腈/水组成的流动相对分离的影响.试验证明,在最优条件下,富马酸二甲酯的产率可达到78.6%.     

La掺杂纳米TiO2光催化降解TNT的动力学

以掺杂La的纳米TiO2作光催化剂，研究了光催化降解TNT的动力学规律，考察了TNT初始质量浓度、催化剂用量、初始pH、通氧速率及光照强度等因素对TNT光催化降解的影响。试验结果表明：在不同初始质量浓度、初始pH、通氧速率、光照强度及催化剂用量为0．3～2．0g／L的条件下，TNT光催化降解反应遵循拟一级动力学规律，且可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型描述；当催化剂用量为0．1g／L时，该反应可认为是震缀反应．     

新型保暖材料微细丙纶熔喷棉的抗静电改性研究

为了改变新型保暖材料丙纶(PP)熔喷棉的抗静电性能,本实验以新型保暖材料熔喷棉为基材、KMnO_4/H_2SO_4为引发体系、丙烯酰胺(AAm)为单体,研究 KMnO_4浓度、H_2SO_4 浓度、AAm 浓度、反应温度、反应时间对该接枝共聚反应的影响变化规律;并对接枝产物的结构及润湿性能进行了分析。结果表明:接枝物的吸湿性明显改善,并且在本实验条件下,当 KMnO_4 浓度为1.6g/L、H_2SO_4用量为20ml/L、AAm 浓度为3%、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为3h 以及甲苯用量为18ml/L 时,接枝改性效果最佳。     

生物柴油作化工溶剂的水解性能研究

由脂肪酸甲酯组成的生物柴油是一种替代传统苯类化工溶剂的理想替代物,但易水解的特点制约了其广泛应用。通过表面活性剂的复配技术,考察表面活性剂对生物柴油水解的影响。实验结果表明,生物柴油在碱性介质中易水解,温度升高水解加剧。而阳离子、非离子表面活性剂及其复配物具有很强的抑制生物柴油水解的能力。     

生物柴油氧化安定性能的研究

生物柴油作为清洁性可再生能源受到广泛重视,但对生物柴油的安定性研究很少.以市售一级菜籽油为原料制备生物柴油,考察了生物柴油在不同酯化率以及与柴油不同掺合比例时的安定性,证明生物柴油安定性比普通柴油差,氧化过程中不仅生成不溶物,还会发生聚合反应导致粘度增大.还考察了6种抗氧剂在B10生物柴油中的效果,得到胺型抗氧剂较酚型抗氧剂效果好.另外,从这6种抗氧剂中筛选出了一种效果良好的抗氧剂,并确定其较理想的添加量在0.002%～0.005%.     

Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液生化活性影响研究

采用Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液进行氧化预处理,研究了垃圾渗滤液的初始pH、药剂投加量、药剂投加比例和反应时间对有机物去除效果和生化性能的影响,得到Fenton法提高垃圾渗滤液生化反应效率的最佳工艺条件为:初始pH=3.0,n(Fe~(2+))/n(H_2O_2)=1/4,H_2O_2投加量为8~9mL/L,反应时间1~2h,低速搅拌。经实验表明:采用最佳工艺处理垃圾渗滤液后,垃圾渗滤液COD为6 600mg/L,COD去除率达到60.8%,生物处理反应负荷降低;BOD5/COD值增大到了0.42,垃圾渗滤液的生化反应活性得以增强,为后续的生物处理提供了良好的反应条件。     

粉末涂料聚酯树脂性能研究

在合成粉末涂料聚酯树脂配方中,着重研究了醇、酸对聚酯树脂玻璃化温度的影响,同时将合成产品进行表征,结果表明,合成产品的主要性能指标与国际同类产品相近。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.