冗余空间机器人基座姿态调整的笛卡尔路径规划

空间机器人系统的机械臂和基座之间存在着动力学耦合,为了保证笛卡尔路径规划的同时可以调整基座的姿态,文章以冗余自由度空间机器人为研究对象,首先建立了空间机器人系统的运动学方程;由于存在一定的冗余度,通过将基座姿态运动方程与广义雅可比矩阵组合得到扩展后的雅可比矩阵,实现了基座和机械臂运动的协调规划;最后讨论了基座姿态无扰路径规划,并与零空间法进行了对比。建立平面三自由度空间机器人系统,分别采用零空间法和扩展雅可比矩阵法进行了基座姿态无扰路径规划和基座姿态跟踪路径规划,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

狭窄环境中基于几何法的全局路径规划新方法

研究狭窄障碍环境下基于几何法的移动机器人全局路规划方法。用不同多边形表示机器人和障碍物,多边形集合构成环境地图。利用数组矩阵存储机器人和障碍物的顶点坐标,便于计算机进行识别、分析和计算。在此基础上,建立了两个子函数——障碍物筛选子函数和凸包计算子函数。通过对两个子函数的循环调用,找出所有较优无碰路径,最后根据一定准则选择全局最优路径。该算法把狭窄障碍环境中的路径规划问题转换成凸包计算问题,且能够生成多条可供替换的较优路径。当环境空间相对狭窄、机器人形状较为复杂,在路径转弯处作旋转运动时,可根据安全需要选择合适的运动路径,从而增加了算法的适用性。仿真结果表明:该算法简便高效,能够满足路径实时规划要求。     

蚁群遗传融合算法在移动机器人路径规划中的应用

针对移动机器人路径规划的特点,把智能算法引入到机器人路径规划中。而单一蚁群算法和遗传算法,存在收敛速度慢、效率低或容易陷入局部最优等缺陷,对蚁群算法进行改进,提出一种改进蚁群遗传算法的融合方案,并把该方案应用到移动机器人路径规划中,在栅格环境下进行仿真测试,仿真结果表明该方案能有效提高最优路径的搜索效率,整体性能优于蚁群或遗传单一智能算法。     

信号时序逻辑约束下基于终点回溯的高效规划

在信号时序逻辑约束下规划路径是一项具有挑战性的任务,其计算量非常高。提出了一种终点回溯的规划方法,它是一种适用于连续时间系统的抽象化方法。该规划方法分为离线构建阶段和在线规划阶段。离线构建阶段在Transducer理论的指导下,从能够完成任务的合理的终点构造一棵快速随机搜索树,向初始状态空间进行回溯。当采样点足够多时,在线规划阶段使用模型预测控制将机器人驱动到快速随机搜索树的叶子节点。通过所提出的规划方法,避免了环境的有限转移系统与信号时序逻辑对应的自动机乘积引起的状态空间爆炸问题。所提出的方法将在线路径规划所需时间降低到1s以下,充分说明了本方法的有效性。与混合整数线性规划以及贝叶斯优化方法相比较,所提出的终点回溯规划方法在线求解效率更优,且更加易于扩展至多机器人协同工作场景。     

机器人集群路径规划技术研究现状

受社会型生物群体行为启发,群体智能得到日益广泛的关注,机器人集群作为群体智能的重要承载者得到了大量研发和广泛应用。机器人集群路径规划技术作为一项核心关键技术也得到快速发展。为此全面深入地调研了机器人集群路径规划的技术发展现状,创新性地归纳了适用于不同集群规模、可扩展性要求、通信需求以及算法要求的集群规划基础计算架构,包括冗余计算架构、分布计算架构和分层计算架构。从可扩展性和适用性角度,分类梳理了最适用于机器人集群的路径规划方法,包括仿生学方法、人工势场法、几何学方法、经典搜索法和进化学习法,并为集群仿真验证研究提供了七款可免费下载或开源的机器人集群仿真验证平台。     

改进粒子群算法在移动机器人路径规划中的应用

针对机器人路径规划的复杂性和粒子群算法搜索后期易陷入停滞的缺陷,把差分进化算法引入到粒子群算法中,提出了改进粒子群算法的移动机器人路径规划方案。当粒子群算法出现停滞时,通过引入差分进化算法来动态调整变异概率和缩放因子,增加种群中个体的多样性,扩大算法的搜索范围,避免局部最优路径的产生。通过仿真实验,验证了所提方案的有效性和可行性。     

机器人制孔自适应蚁群路径规划算法

随着现代飞机制造制孔技术的不断发展,对制孔效率、定位精度及加工质量提出更高的要求。采用CATIA软件建立飞机部件模型,提出自适应蚁群算法并应用于机器人制孔路径规划设计中。仿真实验表明,信息素挥发因子的大小对算法的全局搜索能力及收敛速度有直接影响,提出的自适应蚁群算法通过动态调整信息素挥发因子,充分改善了制孔方式的无目的性、生成的路径质量低等一些不足之处,从而实现机器人制孔路径规划的最优。     

搜索路径给定时的搜索对策问题及其应用

搜索路径给定时的最优搜索方案问题,也可以理解为是关于搜索者和目标的二人对策问题,主要讨论了当搜索路径给定时的单个搜索者和单个目标的搜索对策问题。首先根据问题的特点,利用动态规划和迭代的方法,确定关于目标逃逸路径混合策略的最优分区,证明该分区是多面体凸集;针对目标不同逃逸路径的分区,求出搜索者的最大期望收益,再将问题转化为二人有限零和对策,计算出搜索者的支付矩阵,确定最优搜索策略。最后结合海军护航行动,对我舰载直升机搜索小型海盗船进行分析和计算,说明搜索路径给定时的最优搜索对策对于双方的资源分配和提高搜索效率具有一定的应用价值。     

战时侦察车最优路径规划算法

针对侦察车路径优化同题,提出了一种改进的遗传算法,基于该算法设计了一种在战时情况下能使侦察车快速、安全、高效地进入侦察阵地的最优路径算法,并编制了侦察车路径优化软件,为战时侦察车最优路径规划同题提供了一种解决方法.     

障碍环境下队形可变编队的路径规划方法研究

面向机器人编队探索和侦察等任务,系统期望保持队形以保障任务效能,但障碍环境下队形保持可能引起路径长度增加,甚至没有可行路径。为了综合考虑队形保持、路径长度及路径存在性,提出一种队形可变编队的路径规划方法,为编队跟踪控制提供一条全局参考路径。首先,分别依据个体的占据空间和编队的占据空间,对障碍进行两次膨胀,获得包含硬障碍和软障碍的路径规划构型空间。然后,在基于A*的路径规划框架下,构建包含路径长度和软障碍穿越距离的加权代价函数,以获得多指标权衡的路径。最后,不同权重对比试验表明,所提算法对不同障碍环境具有更好的适应性,通过权重设定能获得满足不同需求的可行解,可以为编队提供满意的全局路径。同时,随机场景测试试验验证了算法具有良好的鲁棒性。提出的编队路径规划方法可以引导机器人编队在复杂环境下更安全和快速地完成任务。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.