Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

Recent progress on transition metal oxides and carbon-supported transition metal oxides as catalysts for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

As a main oxidizer in solid composite propellants, ammonium perchlorate (AP) plays an important role because its thermal decomposition behavior has a direct influence on the characteristic of solid com-posite propellants. To improve the performance of solid composite propellant, it is necessary to take measures to modify the thermal decomposition behavior of AP. In recent years, transition metal oxides and carbon-supported transition metal oxides have drawn considerable attention due to their extraor-dinary catalytic activity. In this review, we highlight strategies to enhance the thermal decomposition of AP by tuning morphology, varying the types of metal ion, and coupling with carbon analogue. The enhanced catalytic performance can be ascribed to synergistic effect, increased surface area, more exposed active sites, and accelerated electron transportation and so on. The mechanism of AP decom-position mixed with catalyst has also been briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusive outlook and possible research directions are suggested to address challenges such as lacking practical application in actual formulation of solid composite propellant and batch manufacturing.     

提取时间对硝基油漆稀料燃烧产物鉴定的影响

油漆稀料是一种常见的助燃剂,提取时间对其燃烧产物的鉴定会有一定的影响。选取了纯毛织品作为实验载体,以硝基油漆稀料为研究对象,对燃烧残留物及燃烧烟尘进行了系统的GC-MS分析,找出了纯样和加载油漆稀料后燃烧产物主要成分的变化规律,对样品中目标化合物的相对峰面积随燃烧产物提取时间的变化曲线进行了非线性数学分析,初步找出了样品燃烧产物的相对峰面积随硝基油漆稀料燃烧产物提取时间变化的规律,为合理选择物证的提取时间提出了建议。     

阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟影响的实验研究

利用烟密度仪、锥形量热仪研究了阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯燃烧产烟的影响。结果表明,三氧化二锑、三聚氰胺等四种阻燃剂使PVC热解燃烧的产烟量大幅度增加,促进PVC热解燃烧失重;红磷、氢氧化镁等四种阻燃剂对PVC热解燃烧的产烟量及燃烧失重影响较小;硼酸锌使PVC热释放速率峰值降低、质量损失速率减小,热释放速率峰值出现的时间推迟。随着氢氧化镁、十溴二苯乙烷在PVC中含量的增加,其燃烧产烟量减少。氢氧化镁的量对PVC燃烧失重速率和失重量影响明显。三氧化二锑和氢氧化镁混合、十溴二苯乙烷和聚磷酸铵混合阻燃对PVC热解燃烧的产烟影响较小,而三氧化二锑与硼酸锌混合阻燃剂对PVC的燃烧影响显著。     

ABS阻燃制品火灾模拟研究

利用未阻燃的ABS、15％十溴二苯醚（DBDPO）阻燃的ABS及15％十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）阻燃的ABS锥形量热仪燃烧试验数据，将上述三种材料的锥形量热仪实验数据运用到FDS的输入文件中，运用FDS对上述三种材料进行了火灾模拟。模拟过程以直观、可视的方式反映了所选材料烟气层温度的变化，并相应计算出安全疏散时间。经DBDPO和DBDPE阻燃的ABS发生火灾时的可用安全疏散时间由未阻燃前的67．7s增加到150s以上，由此可知阻燃材料的使用可以使火灾时人员逃生的时间明显增加。     

FY-2型发动机燃烧室计算模型

本文提出了一个液体火箭发动机双组元自燃推进剂高压燃烧过程的计算模型。模型考虑了偏二甲肼的分解反应、四氧化二氮的离解反应、高压蒸发、液滴二次雾化以及燃烧室横截面上混合比和流强分布的不均匀性。应用该模型对FY-2型发动机的三种喷注器结构的燃烧效率及能量释放分布进行了理论计算,计算结果与试车数据和现象相当吻合。     

分解炉内煤粉燃烧和CaCO3分解流场的数值模拟

针对国内某大型水泥高性能分解炉,基于Fluent软件,采用有限速率/涡耗散模型模拟了炉内煤粉燃烧和生料分解的湍动多相流场,给出了炉内速度矢量、温度、压力和组分分布,结果显示,炉内流动趋势合理,可为分解炉的研究提供参考.     

Liquid phase in-situ synthesis of LiF coated boron powder composite and performance study

Among practical metal additives, boron (B) has a high volumetric heating value, making it a promising choice as a fuel additive. Although B can theoretically yield a large amount of energy upon complete combustion, its combustion is retarded by the initial presence of B oxide, which coats the surfaces of B particle. To improve the ignition and combustion properties of B powder, LiOH and NH₄F were used as precursors to synthesize uniformly LiF-coated B composites (LiF-B) in situ. The LiF-B mixture was also prepared for comparison using a physical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the morphologies and compositions of the products. The thermal and combustion properties of the samples were characterized by thermal gravity-differential thermal gravity (TG-DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and closed bomb experiment. The XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS results demonstrated the successful preparation of the coated LiF-B sample. The TG-DTG and closed bomb experiment results indicated that the addition of LiF decreased the ignition temperature of B powder, and increasing its reaction efficiency. DSC results show that when LiF-B was added, the released heat of underwater explosive increased by 6727.2, 7280.4 and 3109.6 J/g at heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 °C/min, respectively. Moreover, LiF-B decreased the activation energy of secondary combustion reaction of explosive system as calculated through Kissinger's method by 28.9%, which indicated an excellent catalytic effect for the thermal decomposition of underwater explosive. The results reveal that LiF can improve the combustion efficiency of B powder, thereby increasing the total energy of explosives. The mechanical sensitivity increased slightly after adding LiF-B to the underwater explosive. Compared to the underwater explosive with added B, the mechanical sensitivity of the explosive with added LiF-B was significantly lower.     

Zn-Al—Mg-RE高速电弧喷涂工艺过程的氧化行为分析

为分析高速电弧喷涂工艺制备Zn-Al-Mg-RE防腐涂层的氧化行为,通过XRD、SEM和EDS试验探究了喷涂工艺对该涂层氧化物的组成、含量及其形态的影响规律,并测试了涂层的中性盐雾腐蚀性能。结果发现：该涂层具有典型的层状结构特征,在相互叠加的扁平颗粒之间有很薄的氧化物膜,同时在扁平颗粒的内部也非均匀地分布着富氧化物区,XRD显示这些氧化物主要为ZnO2和尖晶石结构的ZnAl2O4与MgAl2O4等。分析认为：喷涂时液态金属熔滴在高速气流剪切力作用和反应热梯度作用下,加剧了Zn-Al-Mg-RE熔滴的氧化,这些交错分布的氧化物对合金相产生了较好的屏蔽效果,从而提高了涂层的耐蚀性能。     

舰船消防演练设施通风除尘系统设计

根据环保要求 ,通过试验测定出油池燃烧烟气参数 ,给出舰船消防演练设施通风除尘系统设计方案 ,设计了一整套新型的通风除尘系统 ,对演练中燃油燃烧排放出的烟气进行有效控制和治理 ,以达到国家环保排放标准     

聚合物材料与液氧相容性的研究

为研究聚合物材料与液氧的相容性,针对四种结构不同的环氧树脂与氰酸酯的共聚固化物,以液氧冲击敏感性试验作为其与液氧相容性的判定方法,通过热分析测试手段测定各固化物的恒温氧化热增重、热分解失重和闪点等热氧性能,并与其液氧冲击敏感性进行分析对照,证实环氧/氰酸酯类改性树脂与液氧不相容的程度与其常规热氧化反应的难易程度是一致的,提高其抗氧化性可以改善其与液氧的相容性。由此加深了对于聚合物与液氧相容性本质的认识,为进一步研究与液氧相容的聚合物材料指明了方向。作为常规分析手段的热分析,在聚合物与液氧相容性的科学表征中可发挥重要作用。     

基于目标结构特征像的SVM目标识别方法

针对支持向量(SVM)对目标高分辨一维距离像(HRRP)识别率和稳定性不高的问题,研究将目标分解理论推广应用于对目标极化散射矩阵的分解,求得了目标结构特征像.在分析研究SVM的训练和测试方法的基础上,采用SVM通过结构特征像对两实验目标进行分类识别,结果表明,基于目标结构特征像的SVM目标识别方法能够提高目标正确识别率,且其稳定性较好.该方法是一种有效的目标识别方法.     

移动式排烟在公路隧道火灾救援中的应用探讨

近年来我国公路隧道的建设迅速发展,然而公路隧道由于空间相对封闭,发生火灾情况下的烟气排除成为了难点。结合公路隧道通风排烟方式,探讨临界风速在隧道火灾排烟时的应用,并分析了公路隧道纵向空气流对火灾烟气流动的影响,指出不同流速的空气流对火灾烟气的影响效果不同,同时阐述了隧道内移动风机的气流环流现象。最后提出了基于不同火灾位置的排烟方案,为消防部队隧道火灾的排烟战术提供参考。     

阻燃PA系列材料燃烧性能研究

通过氧指数测定、水平垂直燃烧性能测试以及差示热量扫描法分析，研究了以PA为基材的塑料的燃烧性能。结果表明，含不同阻燃剂的PA塑料的氧指数、初始分解温度、分解峰值温度等燃烧性能参数有显著不同，燃烧性能具有明显差别。     

汽油燃烧烟尘的气相色谱质谱分析

采用气相色谱／质谱联用分析技术对90^#汽油在地毯上燃烧的烟尘进行了GC／MS分析。实验中以地毯燃烧产生的烟尘为空白，通过谱图叠加对比来排除地毯对汽油组分的干扰，并对排除干扰后90^#汽油的总离子流色谱图进行了分析，从而确定了其燃烧烟尘中存在的特征组分。为火灾现场中易燃液体的分析鉴定提供一定的技术支撑，为GC／MS的分析技术开辟新的应用领域。     

经验模态分析法在雷达信号脉内分析中的应用

雷达脉内特征分析是信号分选领域一个重要手段,当脉内信号有多个雷达信号交叠在一起时,很难分析出其各自的调制方式。经验模态分解(EMD)在分析非平稳混合信号时效果显著,但其存在2个明显弊端。针对端点效应问题,首先采用小波分解将信号分解成各分量,随后对除噪声外的各分量利用ARMA模型对信号进行预测,接着对预测后的各分量进行小波重构,从而消除了端点效应,针对虚假分量的问题,结合雷达信号的特点改进了其终止条件,提高了EMD分解的性能。最后,对EMD分解后的各分量进行时频分析,得出雷达脉内信号的调制特征。仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

Studies on the flame propagation characteristic and thermal hazard of the premixed N2O/fuel mixtures

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the flame propagation and thermal hazard of the premixed N₂O/fuel mixtures, including NH₃, C₃H₈ and C₂H₄. The study provided the high speed video images and data about the flame locations, propagation patterns, overpressures and the quenching diameters during the course of combustion in different channels to elucidate the dynamics of various combustion processes. The onset decomposition temperature was determined using high-performance adiabatic calorimetry. It was shown that the order of the flame acceleration rate and thermal hazard was N₂O/C₂H₄>N₂O/C₃H₈>N₂O/NH₃.     

复合固体推进剂颗粒填充模型及其统计特性分析

复合固体推进剂属于高填充比颗粒类复合材料,氧化剂和金属颗粒在基体中的随机分布使其在细观尺度具有非均质的特点。从细观尺度研究固体推进剂燃烧及力学性能时,必须考虑颗粒级配、空间分布和种类等因素的影响。采用分子动力学方法,以硝酸酯增塑聚醚高能复合固体推进剂为研究对象,将固体颗粒模型化为球形,生成其在基体内随机分布的颗粒填充模型。利用Monte-Carlo算法模拟计算颗粒填充模型细观结构的两点概率函数,并研究了颗粒填充体积分数、尺寸与级配等参数对其的影响规律。从统计意义上给出具有各态历经性、统计均匀性和各向同性特点的颗粒填充构型最小周期性代表体元尺寸,可有效减小后续研究的计算量,节约计算成本。所构建的推进剂细观几何构型及对最小周期性代表体元尺寸的计算为后续开展复合固体推进剂细观尺度燃烧、燃面处铝团聚及力学性能数值研究奠定了基础。     

一种金属橡胶元件建模方法研究

用理论和试验相结合的手段研究金属橡胶弹性元件的动力学建模,提出一种新的建模方法,用此方法建立了基于迟滞回线拟和分解的高次弹性复合阻尼模型。该模型用非线性刚度和非线性复合阻尼机理构造,模型中的参数由试验数据辨识。用所建模型重构恢复力-位移迟滞回线,结果表明该模型能很好描述这类非线性振动系统的特性。