忆阻器的发展现状与未来

忆阻器是近年来发现的一种新型无源电路元件,具有非易失记忆特性,且在开关性能和工艺尺寸等多方面具有优势,可能成为IT技术新的物理基础。本文概述了忆阻器的研究意义,详细介绍了忆阻器的定义与发展历程,着重从器件制备、表征测试、基于忆阻器的新型计算系统应用等三个方面综述总结了国内外发展现状,并对忆阻器未来发展所面临的挑战进行了展望。研究表明,忆阻器相关研究将为突破冯诺依曼计算机构的限制,研究下一代计算系统奠定扎实的器件与架构基础。     

校准方法和存内训练相结合的忆阻器神经形态计算方法

基于忆阻器的神经形态计算架构在图像分类、语音识别等领域取得了较好的效果,但当忆阻器阵列存在低良率问题时,其性能会出现明显下降。提出一种基于忆阻器神经形态计算的校准方法和原位训练相结合的算法,利用校准方法提高乘累加计算的准确率,并利用原位训练方法降低训练误差。为了验证所提方法的性能,采用多层感知器架构进行仿真。从仿真结果来看,神经网络的精度有明显的提高(近40%)。实验结果表明,与单纯的校准方法相比,采用所提方法训练的网络精度提高了约30%,与其他主流的方法相比,所提方法训练的网络精度提高了0.29%。     

GSVM:一种支持Gather/Scatter的向量存储器

宽单指令多数据流(Single Instruction Multiple Data, SIMD)架构数字信号处理器一般都能高效支持地址连续或等距跨步等规则应用的向量访存,但对于科学与工程计算中广泛存在的不规则应用的数据访存则带宽利用率往往较低,从而大幅降低了其整体运算能效。为了提高不规则应用的向量访存性能,基于某SIMD数字信号处理器的体系结构,设计了一种支持Gather/Scatter访存的向量存储器GSVM。通过设计与SIMD宽度相匹配的向量地址计算单元和合适深度的冲突缓冲器阵列,实现了Gather/Scatter指令向量地址计算、仲裁与缓存的全流水访存操作。实验结果表明,相比以前不支持Gather/Scatter访存的存储器,GSVM在增加22%的硬件代价基础上,基于稀疏矩阵向量乘的测试程序集获得了2～8的性能加速比。     

基于忆阻器的存储与计算融合理论与实现

存储与计算融合是发展下一代高性能并行计算架构的颠覆性思路。基于忆阻器的非易失性逻辑运算是实现存储与计算融合的有效途径,近些年受到学术界和工业界的广泛关注。从通过忆阻器实现逻辑运算的非易失性、逻辑完备性和计算复杂度角度出发,综述了忆阻器存储与计算融合理论及实现技术的研究进展,重点介绍了基本布尔逻辑实现原理、复杂逻辑门构建技术以及存储与计算融合架构,并展望了亟待攻克的关键问题和未来发展方向。研究表明,我国应抓住忆阻器信息器件和计算架构难得的发展机遇,推动忆阻器存储与计算技术在军民领域的成熟与实用化。     

长向量处理器高效RNN推理方法

模型深度的不断增加和处理序列长度的不一致对循环神经网络在不同处理器上的性能优化提出巨大挑战。针对自主研制的长向量处理器FT-M7032,实现了一个高效的循环神经网络加速引擎。该引擎采用行优先矩阵向量乘算法和数据感知的多核并行方式,提高矩阵向量乘的计算效率;采用两级内核融合优化方法降低临时数据传输的开销;采用手写汇编优化多种算子,进一步挖掘长向量处理器的性能潜力。实验表明,长向量处理器循环神经网络推理引擎可获得较高性能,相较于多核ARM CPU以及Intel Golden CPU,类循环神经网络模型长短记忆网络可获得最高62.68倍和3.12倍的性能加速。     

多核数字信号处理器矩阵乘卷积算法性能评测

矩阵乘卷积算法能够为各种卷积配置提供高性能基础实现,是面向给定芯片进行卷积性能优化的首要选择。针对国防科技大学自主研制的飞腾异构多核数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)芯片的特征以及矩阵乘卷积算法自身的特点,提出了一种面向多核DSP架构的高性能并行矩阵乘卷积实现算法ftmEConv。该算法由输入特征图转换、卷积核转换、矩阵乘以及输出特征图转换这四个均运行在通用多核DSP上的并行化部分构成,通过有效挖掘通用DSP核中功能单元的潜力来提升各个部分的性能。实验结果表明,ftmEConv实现了高达42.90%的计算效率,与芯片上的其他矩阵乘卷积算法实现相比,获得了高达7.79倍的性能加速。     

忆阻器类脑计算芯片研究现状综述

为把握忆阻类脑芯片发展现状并总结其发展趋势,对现有忆阻类脑计算芯片与架构进行了调研,对芯片中所采用的忆阻器阵列结构和集成工艺、前神经元电路、后神经元电路、多阵列互连拓扑结构与数据传输策略,以及芯片设计过程中所采用的系统仿真和评估方法进行了对比分析。总结出当前忆阻类脑计算芯片电路设计仍需解决忆阻器可用阻态少、器件参数波动性大、阵列外围电路复杂、集成规模小等问题,并指出了该类芯片走向实际应用仍然面临着忆阻器生产工艺提升、完善开发工具支持、专用指令集开发、确定典型牵引性应用等挑战。     

面向大规模卷积计算的多忆阻器阵列互连结构设计

针对现有多忆阻器阵列集成架构中存在的数据加载、读出效率低以及阵列协同灵活性差等问题,提出一种高效率、高灵活度的阵列互连架构。该架构所采用的数据加载策略支持多种权重映射模式下的数据复用,减少了片外数据访存需求;所采用的计算结果读出网络支持多个处理单元灵活组合实现不同规模卷积运算,以及计算结果的快速累加读出,进而提升了芯片灵活性和整体算力。在NeuroSim仿真平台上运行VGG-8网络进行的仿真实验表明,与MAX²神经网络加速器相比,在仅增加6%面积开销的情况下,取得了146%的处理速度提升。     

面向SDR应用的向量存储器的设计与优化

针对面向SDR应用的SIMD数字信号处理器高带宽数据访存需求,提出并实现了一种新型的向量存储结构.该向量存储器由16路向量存储块构成,每路采用两组多体低位地址交叉编址存储结构,减少了访存体冲突,充分利用多存储体带宽,以较小的功耗代价实现并行访问多个向量数据.在此基础上,还设计了一种向量访存重整理单元,使向量存储器可灵活支持多路SIMD结构向量处理单元的非对齐访问,实现了其对向量存储器的共享.测试结果表明,该向量存储器能有效减少或消除向量处理单元之间的数据混洗操作,加速相关应用算法.     

多核数字信号处理器并行矩阵转置算法优化

矩阵转置是矩阵运算的基本操作,广泛应用于信号处理、科学计算以及深度学习等各种领域。随着国防科技大学自主研制的飞腾异构多核数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)在各种领域中的推广应用,对高性能矩阵转置实现提出了强烈需求。针对飞腾异构多核DSP的体系结构特征与矩阵转置操作的特点,提出了一种适配不同数据位宽(8 B、4 B以及2 B)矩阵的并行矩阵转置算法ftmMT。该算法基于DSP中向量处理单元的Load/Store部件实现了向量化,同时基于矩阵分块实现了多个DSP核的并行处理,通过隐式乒乓设计实现了片上向量化转置与片外访存的重叠以及访存性能的大幅提升。实验结果表明,ftmMT能够显著加快矩阵转置操作,与CPU上的开源转置库HPTT相比,可获得高达8.99倍的性能加速。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.