精密加工中顶尖、中心孔形状误差对工件圆度的影响及其作用机理

对于轴类零件精密、超精密车削和磨削加工,顶尖夹持是最常见的夹持方式。本文分析了精密加工中顶尖夹持误差对工件圆度的影响,通过分析工件回转轴线的轨迹变化及夹持的径向接触刚度与顶尖、中心孔圆度误差的各阶谱成份之间的关系,论述了顶尖、中心孔形状误差对工件圆度的影响及其作用机理。探讨了顶尖夹持方式下提高工件圆度的有效途径。     

内表面间垂直度的高精度测量方法设计与误差分析

针对框体类零件超精密加工的难点问题--内表面问垂直度误差的高精度测量,提出了一种基于波面干涉技术测量的新方法,建立了垂直度测量系统,分析了各调整误差对测量结果的影响.该方法能够实现框体类零件内表面间垂直度误差的高精度测量与评价,并能得到误差的三维分布,测量结果可直接用于零件的确定性修形加工.实验表明,该方法可实现0.6"的综合测量精度.     

孔的滚压工艺应用研究

复杂零件的高精度深孔加工一直是机械加工中难以解决的问题。我所生产的增压器零件轴承体、压气机叶轮结构复杂,零件孔的深度长,精度要求高,尺寸精度在H5级,表面粗糙度要求在Ra0.4μm以内,圆柱度要求在0.004mm以内,在内圆磨床上无法装卡、加工。采用一般的饺孔难以满足图样尺寸、形状和     

超高精度车床直线运动误差检测与补偿系统的理论与实验研究

本文介绍了用三传感器误差分离法在线检测超高精度车床拖板直线运动误差和加工工件的素线直度误差。检测系统的精度高达±0.078μm。在此基础上,通过微计算机对误差数据进行数学处理,并驱动伺服机构对工件素线直度误差进行补偿加工。结果使工件素线直度精度提高到0.5μn/160mm,比补偿前的精度提高了50%以上。     

长方体类光学元件形位误差高精度测量方法

如何实现长方体元件光学面形位误差的高精度测量以及怎样利用测量数据对这些误差进行修正加工是制造过程中的主要问题。提出一种基于波面干涉的长方体类光学元件形位误差测量方法,借助大口径干涉仪和高精度端齿盘搭建测量系统,实现了长方体类光学元件1μm/400mm精度的平行度和垂直度测量,获得了高精度的形位误差综合分布数据,并利用磁流变、小磨头数控抛光等现代光学加工手段实现了此类光学元件的高精度加工。     

基于仿射原理的活塞环仿形数控加工系统

本文介绍一种新颖的活塞环非圆轮廓曲线仿形数控加工技术。利用该技术可实现用同一种凸轮加工多种具有不同压力分布曲线的活塞环。当凸轮或刀具磨损后可进行误差补偿加工,提高了机床的“柔性”和精度。同时利用智能决策和模糊控制技术解决抗干扰问题及增强系统的鲁棒性。     

摆动滚子从动件圆柱凸轮的解析设计

本文根据微分几何的包络原理,导出了摆动滚子从动件圆柱凸轮的轮廓曲面方程;在此基础上,讨论了凸轮轮廓的根切条件、滚子与凸轮的接触区域、接触线方向以及凸轮任一圆柱面上实际轮廓曲线的确定;得到了滚子与凸轮任一接触点处的压力角计算公式,并给出了按许用压力角设计的滚子最小接触高度,从而较完整地解决了摆动滚子从动件圆柱凸轮的几何设计问题。     

基于Zernike多项式拟合的自由曲面车削误差补偿技术

慢刀伺服车削技术是一种特殊的创成加工方法,采用C轴、X轴、Z轴联动的方式在极坐标或圆柱坐标内可车削加工自由曲面光学元件。但是由于各种误差因素的影响,使用慢刀伺服技术仅加工一次获得的光学元件可能不满足精度指标。为此需要研究能够进一步提升慢刀伺服车削加工精度的误差补偿技术。Zernike多项式是面形分析与光学分析之间的理想接口工具,因此本文使用Zernike多项式拟合的方法处理慢刀伺服车削加工的误差,并根据慢刀伺服加工技术的特点,建立慢刀伺服车削加工的误差补偿算法。实验结果表明,基于Zernike多项式拟合的慢刀伺服车削加工误差补偿技术可有效地针对加工中产生的特定误差进行补偿,从而提高自由曲面车削加工精度。     

摆线齿准双曲面齿轮齿面主动设计

为预控双面法加工的摆线齿准双曲面齿轮的啮合性能,用大轮理论齿面展成与之共轭的小轮共轭齿面,将小轮共轭齿面沿啮合线方向和接触迹线方向分别进行修形,得到满足预置传动误差曲线以及接触印痕的目标齿面,计算出目标齿面与小轮理论齿面的法向偏差。建立以小轮加工参数调整量为变量,小轮两侧齿面与目标齿面法向偏差平方和最小为目标的优化模型,并采用序列二次规划算法求解该模型。以某高速车桥齿轮副为例进行验证,结果表明:加工参数调整后小轮两侧齿面与各自目标齿面的最大法向偏差分别为-4.7μm和-4.67μm,两侧啮合转换点传动误差与预置值分别相差6.67%和4%,两侧接触迹线最大偏差分别为0.275mm和0.177mm,基本符合预置条件。     

回转对称非球面光学零件磁流变成形抛光的驻留时间算法

介绍了一种基于代数算法的回转对称非球面计算机控制表面成形的驻留时间算法。该算法将驻留时间转化为工件自转的整数圈数,并且将抛光模对工件的材料去除效率体现到材料去除矩阵上进行计算。利用非负最小二乘法求解驻留时间向量。最后,利用该算法在自研的磁流变抛光实验装置上对一回转对称光学零件进行3次迭代加工,使其面形精度从8μm提高到0.5μm以内。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.