基于矩阵运算的光学零件磁流变加工的驻留时间算法

提出了一种光学零件磁流变加工的驻留时间计算方法.该算法以矩阵运算为基础,首先确定工件上各个控制节点的高度余量,并将磁流变抛光模对各控制节点的材料去除能力体现到去除矩阵中,然后利用非负最小二乘法求解驻留时间向量.采用该算法在自行研制的磁流变抛光机床上进行抛光实验,经过2次迭代加工后,有效口径为145mm的球面镜P-V值达到40.5nm(约为λ/15),RMS值达到5nm(约为λ/125),表面粗糙度Ra值达到0.57nm.     

磁流变抛光螺旋扫描方式的算法与实现

研究基于螺旋扫描路径的光学镜面磁流变抛光的算法与实现.该算法将去除函数矩阵转化成驻留时间解算的线性方程组的系数矩阵,并利用其为稀疏矩阵的特点来进行快速迭代计算,然后将求得的驻留时间分配到螺旋扫描路径上以求得整个路径上速度变化,从而控制磁流变抛光机床直线轴和转轴作插补运动.利用该算法在自研的KDMRF-200磁流变抛光机床上对-K9玻璃平面镜进行了两次迭代加工,面形均方根误差由初始的0.128λ加工到0.022λ,验证了该算法的正确性和实用性.     

基于去除函数预测模型的磁流变抛光工艺优化研究

在分析磁流变抛光加工过程的基础上,建立了磁流变抛光的去除函数预测模型,该模型利用加工前后的面形误差分布和仿真计算的面形残差分布,针对不同材料间的去除函数模型效率系数进行辨识,能够实现去除函数模型的准确预测.以该模型为基础,通过在传统磁流变抛光工艺中加入去除函数效率系数实时辨识的工艺环节,可以对磁流变抛光的加工工艺进行优化.利用该优化工艺对一块口径202mm的HIP SiC进行9次循环迭代加工,采用子孔径拼接测量技术进行测量,面形误差由初始的PV 0.72μm,RMS 0.108μm提升到最终的PV0.13μm,RMS0.012μm.实验表明,去除函数预测模型能够优化磁流变抛光工艺,提高加工的确定性和增强工艺的适用性,实现光学镜面的高精度确定性磁流变抛光加工.     

流体动压超光滑加工关键工艺参数优化

流体动压超光滑加工材料去除主要受工件表面流体动压和剪切分布的影响,根据材料去除的理论模型分析了影响材料去除的关键工艺参数。基于流体动力学仿真和具体实验对抛光轮浸没深度、抛光轮转速和抛光轮间隙对流体动压超光滑加工的材料去除速率的影响规律进行了研究。分析结果表明:抛光轮的浸没深度对材料去除速率影响不大;材料去除速率随着抛光轮转速的减小、抛光间隙的增大而减小;考虑实际使用条件,最优抛光轮转速为300 r/min、抛光间隙为25μm、抛光轮浸没深度为(2/3)R。同时对抛光头温度稳定性进行了具体实验测试,其在装置启动后4 h基本达到热平衡,通过试运行预热的方式可有效避免温升变化对抛光间隙的影响。     

基于CFD的磁射流抛光去除机理分析

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析了一种新型精密抛光技术——磁射流抛光的材料去除机理。磁射流抛光中,含有磨料的磁流变液射流被喷嘴出口附近的局部外加纵向磁场磁化,产生准直的硬化射流束来进行相对远距离的精密抛光。介绍了磁射流抛光的原理和实验装置,分析了磁流变液聚束射流的形成,通过一系列定点抛光实验研究了磁射流抛光工艺的材料去除分布特征,利用计算流体动力学的方法分析了垂直冲击和倾斜冲击情况下,磁流变液射流与工件表面相互作用时径向流场功率密度的分布特征。实验结果和仿真计算结果表明:磁流变液射流在工件表面径向扩展流动产生的径向剪切作用导致了材料去除;CFD方法能模拟抛光区去除率的三维分布,因此可以准确地预测抛光区形状。     

高精度轴类零件的砂带确定性修形方法

为提高金属轴类零件的加工精度,基于光学确定性加工原理将振动砂带研抛方法用于轴类零件的高精度修形中。在这种方法中,弹性接触轮在一定压力下与轴类工件接触形成一个矩形研抛区域,砂带覆盖在接触轮上,通过接触轮的轴向振动可以实现材料可控去除。利用圆柱度仪测量得到轴零件外圆表面的轮廓形貌,得到被加工零件表面轮廓的误差分布。使用脉冲迭代法计算接触轮在圆柱表面不同位置的驻留时间,通过机床主轴的伺服控制实现工件不同位置材料去除量的大小,从而实现被加工零件圆柱度误差的确定性修整。在经过仿真加工后,在一根45#钢轴的一段柱面上进行了确定性修形实验。结果表明,工件平均圆度误差从0.42 μm收敛至0.11 μm,圆柱度误差从0.76 μm收敛至0.35 μm,加工后的形状精度优于超精密外圆磨床的加工精度,验证了高精度轴类零件柱面上确定性修形的可行性。     

纳米金刚石磨料磁流变抛光材料去除机理与工艺研究

理论分析与实验验证表明,纳米金刚石磨料磁流变抛光材料去除机理是塑性剪切去除.在KDMRF-1000F磁流变抛光机床上进行工艺实验,研究抛光轮与工件表面的间隙、抛光轮转速、磁场强度对峰值去除效率和表面粗糙度的影响.工艺实验表明,去除函数具有良好的稳定性和重复性,2.5h以内峰值去除效率稳定在±0.3%以内,体积去除效率稳定在±0.5%以内.直径202mm(有效口径95%)的HIP SiC平面镜采用子孔径拼接测量方法,经过磁流变粗抛(30h)和精抛(9h)后,面形误差PV值0.13μm,RMS值0.012μm,表面粗糙度RMS值2.439nm.     

计算机控制抛光中基于等面积增长螺旋线的加工路径

目前计算机控制抛光工艺中使用的阿基米德螺旋线路径,存在加工工件中心区域时工件转速过快的缺点.为了克服该缺点,分析了螺旋线路径加工的特点,分析表明工件的瞬时转速取决于加工点的驻留时间密度和螺旋线的面积增长速率.据此,提出了一种新的螺旋线作为抛光路径,该螺旋线的面积增长速率恒定,因此也称为等面积增长螺旋线.利用该螺旋线路径,加工转速趋于恒定,可降低加工中心区域的转速,从而降低对机床运动性能的要求,降低设备成本和加工成本.实验结果证实,阿基米德螺旋线路径加工中心区域容易产生过加工问题,加工精度较低;等面积增长螺旋线路径加工可避免中心区域过加工问题,获得较高的加工精度.     

离子束抛光加工矩形离轴非球面镜

采用一种简单的方法使用线性三轴离子束系统实现了矩形离轴非球面镜的抛光加工.根据离子束材料去除机理,分析了去除函数的法向材料去除特性,并且以去除函数束径、峰值去除速率和体积去除速率为指标,评价了入射角的小扰动鲁棒性.利用相关的分析和实验结果,对矩形离轴镜的抛光加工进行了合理的简化,并在自行研制的离子束抛光机床上进行了修形...     

计算机控制小工具抛光技术中磨盘材料对去除函数的影响

研究了计算机控制小工具抛光(CCOP)加工中三种常用的磨盘材料对去除函数特性的影响,进一步完善材料去除模型,用以指导光学零件的加工。利用自行研制的AOCMT光学加工机床及接触式测量系统进行实验和分析。从去除函数形状、去除效率及稳定性、表面形貌三个方面进行了研究。实验结果表明:聚氨酯材料适用于粗抛光阶段;阻尼布材料适用于精抛光阶段;沥青材料适用于最后的修形加工和表面处理。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.