附加运动约束的MEMS惯性传感器融合定姿算法

针对MEMS惯性传感器因精度低、误差随时间累积导致无法满足长时间姿态测量要求的问题,提出了一种附加运动约束的姿态估计方法,即在以陀螺仪解算的姿态信息作为系统预测、以加速度计与磁强计解算的姿态信息作为系统量测的基础上,将载体运动约束作为虚拟观测量输入滤波器。同时,针对传统EKF算法精度不高的问题,提出了一种新的滤波融合算法,即迭代更新扩展卡尔曼滤波(iterated update extended Kalman filter,IU-EKF)。新算法通过将当前量测信息逐步引入量测更新过程实现后验状态估计,从而达到减弱观测模型非线性、提高滤波估计精度的目的。数值仿真结果表明:本文算法的姿态估计精度较传统的"双矢量法+EKF"模式有大幅提升。     

低成本微小型无人机航姿测量系统设计

根据微小型无人机航姿测量需求,利用MEMS传感器设计了一种低成本的航姿测量系统．针对低成本MEMS陀螺仪本身漂移较大、容易发散、无法完成较长时间较高精度测量的特点,提出一种实时性强、计算量小的信息融合方法．利用地球重力场、地磁场2个参考向量,采用互补滤波对不同传感器的数据进行融合,实现提高该航姿测量系统测量精度的目的．实验结果表明,该航姿测量系统的更新速率达到450Hz,姿态角测量误差〈1°,航向角测量误差〈2°,能够满足微小型无人机航向和姿态测量需求．     

GFSINS角速度代数提取算法设计

针对无陀螺捷联惯导系统(GFSINS)获取的姿态角信息包含角加速度项、角速度平方项以及角速度交叉乘积项的特点,在姿态角速度开方算法的基础上设计了对数提取算法.该算法充分利用计算机对数运算的特点,通过简单的代数运算避免了以往姿态角提取时积分过程存在误差积累、开方过程存在的符号判断和除法溢出的问题.仿真结果表明,该算法在精度和稳定性方面均要优于现有的积分算法和开方算法,可以为后续高精度姿态信息提取算法提供输入.     

微小型飞行器多传感器融合容积姿态估计北大核心

针对微机电系统(MEMs)陀螺仪精度低、噪声大且误差随时间累积的问题,扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)线性化误差的问题和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)时间耗费大的问题,提出了一种欧拉角容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)姿态估计方法。建立了欧拉角姿态运动学模型,以姿态角为状态量、加速度计和磁强计输出解算得到的姿态角为观测量,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,实现了多传感器辅助的微小型飞行器(MAVs)CKF姿态估计方法。仿真结果表明:估计精度方面,CKF与UKF相当,优于EKF;滤波稳定性方面,CKF与UKF相当,显著优于EKF;时间耗费方面,CKF优于UKF。     

地磁陀螺复合测姿系统误差补偿方法

针对三维地磁姿态检测系统不能独立求解姿态角的问题,提出了一种基于地磁陀螺复合的弹丸姿态检测方法,在分析MEMS陀螺误差来源的基础上,建立了二维MEMS陀螺的误差模型,通过最小二乘法拟合求得误差补偿系数,最后利用补偿算法对二维MEMS陀螺的两路角速度输出矢量进行校正。经过一系列实验,结果表明,校正后的角速度矢量的零偏基本消除,误差波动幅值明显减小,利用角速度矢量计算得到的偏航角误差减小到1.757 7°,测量精度提高提高近12倍,基本能够满足三维地磁传感器姿态检测系统对外部基准角的要求。     

基于计算机视觉的浮空器姿态测量方法

置于浮空器之上的光电跟踪设备必须采用视轴稳定技术,准确获取浮空器的姿态角信息是实现视轴稳定的重要基础。提出了一种利用计算机视觉实现姿态角测量的方法,通过地面上设置三条共面的不平行直线,依据中心投影关系矩阵推导浮空器姿态角解算模型,并列出线性方程组进行求解。实验结果表明姿态角测量误差小于0.2°,证明了算法的有效性。     

采用终端滑模控制实现交会对接逼近段姿态跟踪

针对交会对接逼近段追踪器的姿态控制问题,采用反馈线性化理论推导了非线性姿态动力学方程的相变量模型.基于导出的姿控模型,引入模型误差和随机噪声,结合终端滑模控制理论,给出了能够在有限时间内完成姿态跟踪,并使状态跟踪误差收敛的控制律的设计方法.对具有扰动项的系统,仿真结果仍能满足交会任务对时间的要求,且姿态角跟踪误差趋于0,说明控制律对相变量系统的姿态跟踪控制具有较好的鲁棒性.     

微小型飞行器多传感器融合容积姿态估计

针对微机电系统(MEMs)陀螺仪精度低、噪声大且误差随时间累积的问题,扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)线性化误差的问题和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)时间耗费大的问题,提出了一种欧拉角容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)姿态估计方法。建立了欧拉角姿态运动学模型,以姿态角为状态量、加速度计和磁强计输出解算得到的姿态角为观测量,采用容积数值积分理论来计算非线性函数的均值与方差,实现了多传感器辅助的微小型飞行器(MAVs)CKF姿态估计方法。仿真结果表明:估计精度方面,CKF与UKF相当,优于EKF;滤波稳定性方面,CKF与UKF相当,显著优于EKF;时间耗费方面,CKF优于UKF。     

改变系统结构的多环姿态跟踪控制

针对航天器姿态跟踪控制中存在稳态误差和转动惯量摄动未知的问题,给出一种高精度自适应姿态跟踪控制策略。通过扩展姿态动力学系统结构,将姿态角积分项引入姿态控制器中,以消除稳态误差和提升姿态跟踪精度,给出扩展系统的期望轨迹设置方法。给出一种结构更为简化的多环递归跟踪控制策略,结合自适应估计设计了自适应多环递归姿态跟踪控制器。与滑模自适应控制器对比仿真,验证了方法的优越性。     

三线圈滚转姿态角测量系统建模与设计

为了对制导弹药进行精确定姿,需要准确测量弹丸滚转姿态角,首先建立三线圈滚转姿态角测量系统模型,详细阐述了系统工作原理,介绍了系统硬件设计方法及软件设计思想.通过使用三个磁感应线圈传感器对人工磁场及地磁场进行测量,并结合相应滚转角解算算法,可实时计算出弹丸滚转姿态角.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.