Si-N-C 陶瓷的组成、结构与其热稳定性…

本文研究了由聚硅氮烷(PSZ)和聚碳硅烷(PC)热解制得的三种陶瓷的组成、结构与特性。研究表明,PC热解到1250℃产生Si-C陶瓷,其结晶相是β-SiC微晶,PSZ在N_2或NH_3气氛中热解则分别产生Si-N-C与Si-N无定形陶瓷。这三种陶瓷在Ar_2气中1300℃到1500℃处理以研究其热稳定性。结果证明Si-c陶瓷从微晶变为β-SiC结晶态,Si-N陶瓷从无定形态变为α-Si_3N_4结晶并伴随着可观测到的重量损失而Si-N-C陶瓷维持其元素组成及β-SiC微晶态直到1500℃。     

全氢聚硅氮烷的合成与表征

采用二氢二氯硅烷氨解法合成了氮化硅陶瓷先驱体全氢聚硅氮烷,并用红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、热重、X射线衍射和元素分析等进行了表征。所合成的先驱体低聚物的分子骨架为[SiH2NH]n,数均分子量为106,重均分子量为178。固化后的先驱体在氮气下1000℃裂解转变为棕色粉末,陶瓷产率78wt%。将陶瓷产物在氮气下1400℃处理后,其主要成分为α-Si3N4,并含有少量富余硅,化学经验式为SiN1.036O0.060C0.028。陶瓷产物在氮气下1600℃处理后的X射线衍射谱图表明,游离硅已基本消失,α-Si3N4衍射峰加强,但是没有观察到从α-Si3N4到β-Si3N4的相转变。     

混杂聚硼硅氮烷的交联过程分析及其工艺优化

合成了混杂聚硼硅氮烷(H-PBSZ)并对其结构进行了分析,分析了其交联过程,并采用不同的工艺使其交联固化,研究了交联压力对产物的结构、形貌以及表观密度的影响。结果表明,H-PBSZ结构中含有B-N、Si-N、B-H、N-H以及Si-H等化学键,随着温度的升高,B-H、N-H以及Si-H键会发生断裂;交联过程中,先驱体会放出大量的气体,交联产物的致密度受气泡大小及其速度的影响;高压交联可以减小所放出的气泡的体积,减缓其上升的速度,并可抑制含氢键的断裂反应,降低气体的放出量,从而制得较高致密度的交联产物。     

新型硅氮烷先驱体的合成和表征

采用MesiHCI2和Me（CH2=CH）SiCl2共氨解制备出流动性好的含Si-H和SiCH=CH2的低分子硅氮烷,结果表明H2PtCl6（脱水）和DCP是合适的硅氯化交联的催化剂和双键交联的引发剂。交联产物在程序控温的管式炉中裂解,得到高的陶瓷产率（＞74％wt）。     

S-四嗪类高氮含能化合物的合成及性能

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-S-四嗪(BT)为起始物,研究了S-四嗪类高氮含能化合物3-氨基-6-(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-S-四嗪(ADMPT)、3-肼基-6-(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-S-四嗪(HDMPT)、3,6-二氨基-S-四嗪(DATz)、3,6-二肼基-S-四嗪(DHTz)与3,3’-偶氮-(6-氨基-S-四嗪)(DAAT)的合成,经IR、元素分析、1HNMR、13CNMR等对其结构进行了表征和确认。对DHTz和DAAT的热分解性能进行了研究,由不同升温速率下的DSC实验获得了其热分解动力学参数。结果表明DAAT热稳定性好、能量高,在10℃/min升温速率下,DAAT在280℃开始分解,放热峰值330℃,放热峰的分解焓为1974.33J/g;DHTz在120℃开始分解,放热峰值159℃,放热峰的分解焓为1843.23J/g。同时,采用高温高压爆轰产物状态方程(VLW EOS)对DHTz和DAAT的爆轰性能进行了理论计算。     

聚二甲基硅烷高压合成聚碳硅烷的组成与结构分析

以聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)为原料,在高压釜内450℃下反应6h,制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体。对其组成及结构进行了表征,推测了PCS的大致结构模型。研究表明,PCS分子包含Si CH3、Si CH2 Si、Si H组成的SiC4、SiC3H等结构单元,实验式为SiC1.87H7.13O0.03。与常压高温裂解制备的软化点相近的PCS相比,二者的元素组成基本一致,高压合成的PCS具有较高的分子量和硅氢含量,但支化度略高。     

液态聚硅烷高温高压合成聚碳硅烷工艺研究

以聚二甲基硅烷裂解制备的液态聚硅烷(LPS)为原料,在高压釜内高温高压反应制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体,研究了合成条件对反应终压、Si H键含量、产物产率、软化点、分子量分布及可纺性的影响。研究表明,随着反应温度的提高、反应时间的延长,反应终压逐渐增大,产物的分子量与软化点增高,但同时分子量的分散性增大,使可纺性变差。当LPS在高压釜内460℃下反应3～4h,或450℃下反应6～7h时,可以制得软化点约为210～230℃的PCS,其高分子部分含量约5wt%～10wt%,Si H键含量大于0.9,可纺性较好,适合于制备SiC纤维。     

准陶瓷Cf/SiC复合材料的制备

采用热重-差热(TG-DTA)、红外(IR)等分析测试手段,研究了聚碳硅烷(PCS)的裂解及化学转化过程,从理论上验证了先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)600℃裂解产物的准陶瓷特性.先驱体聚碳硅烷在600℃呈现一种半有机、半无机状态,其产物具有准陶瓷的特征,在大约750℃出现无机化转变高峰,固称其为准陶瓷.以碳布、准三维编织体、三维编织体为增强体,采用先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺在600℃制备了碳纤维增强碳化硅(Cf/SiC)准陶瓷基复合材料.结果表明,以三维编织体增强的准陶瓷Cf/SiC复合材料获得了较理想的结构、性能,所制备3D-Cf/SiC复合材料密度仅有1.27g/cm3,弯曲强度达到193.69MPa,室温拉伸强度为197.69MPa,600℃拉伸强度为167.33MPa.复合材料断口形貌分析表明,在低温600℃制备的准陶瓷Cf/SiC复合材料呈现明显的韧性断裂特征.     

用B4C陶瓷先驱体涂复碳纤维研究

用溴苯和BF3乙醚为起始原料,合成出聚对亚苯基硼(PPB),高温裂解后得到含B4C 54.4%、B2O2 13.6%、自由碳32%的陶瓷.用溶液浸涂碳纤维(CF)并高温裂解后得到B4C涂层CF,与未涂层CF相比,B4C涂层CF抗热氧化性提高200°C.1800°C热压时B4C涂层CF较未涂层CF制得的CF/SiC复合材料的σb值提高10.5% ,KIC值提高19.4%,1850°C热压时相应的σb值提高31.6%,KIC提高5.8%.     

CL-20降感处理技术及在CMDB推进剂中的应用

为促进六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)在推进剂中的应用,综述了 CL-20降感处理技术及其在改性双基(CM-DB)推进剂中应用的最新进展.结果表明,通过表面包覆降感技术、共晶降感技术和微纳米球形化降感技术均可有效制备出低感CL-20,但为提高低感CL-20的能量释放率,在表面包覆降感技术和共晶降感技术中应尽可能地选取...     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

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Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.