贝叶斯网络用于作战态势评估

作为一种知识表示和进行概率推理的框架,贝叶斯网络在具有内在不确定性的推理和决策问题中得到了广泛的应用.因果推理是态势评估中的一个重要环节,用贝叶斯网络找出态势假设和事件之间的潜在关系,正是态势评估所需完成的功能.提出了构建贝叶斯网络进行态势估计的步骤,分析了态势估计系统事件的层次.给出一个具体的实例,演示了使用贝叶斯网络进行态势估计的过程.     

基于贝叶斯网络的态势估计时间推理方法

基于贝叶斯网络的态势估计方法是目前态势估计领域中的主要方法之一,然而,传统的贝叶斯网络不具备时间语义,因此无法解决态势估计中的时间推理问题.基于此,对贝叶斯网络进行改造,研究了时间贝叶斯网络的构建方法.通过一个战场想定,说明了时间贝叶斯网络构建、推理的过程与方法,证明了提出方法的有效性.     

空地对抗决策中粗糙贝叶斯理论应用

模糊逻辑作为模糊语言描述系统,既可以描述应用系统的定量模型也可以描述其定性模型,粗糙贝叶斯在具有内在不确定性的推理和决策问题中得到了广泛的应用。首先分析了使用粗糙贝叶斯网络进行态势评估知识表示问题;其次提出了构建粗糙贝叶斯网络进行态势评估的步骤;最后给出一个具体的实例,演示了在防空作战战场中使用粗糙贝叶斯网络进行态势评估的过程。     

基于贝叶斯网络的态势认识

态势认识的本质是通过因果推理进行态势理解和诊断推理以实现态势预测,不确定性知识表示和推理是态势认识过程中需要解决的两个重要问题。基于贝叶斯网络易于进行不确定性推理的优点,综合应用贝叶斯网络因果推理和诊断推理,提出了态势认识的贝叶斯网络模型,应用贝叶斯网络信息传播算法,给出了态势认识系统实现的方法,并通过实例计算论证了该方法的可行性和实用性。     

基于贝叶斯网络的潜艇攻击决策研究

BN(贝叶斯网)被认为是人工智能研究中不确定性知识表示和推理的重要工具,广泛应用到复杂系统的建模等领域。贝叶斯网络高效的推理算法非常适合解决不确定性军事决策问题,分析了潜艇攻击决策问题的复杂性和不确定性,提出了构建贝叶斯网络进行攻击决策的步骤,通过具体实例,对用贝叶斯网络推理解决潜艇攻击决策问题进行了初步探讨。     

动态贝叶斯网络的无人机炮火校射

动态贝叶斯网络(Dynamic Bayesian Networks-DBNs),是对具有随机过程性质的不确定性问题进行建模和处理的一个有力工具.提出将隐马尔可夫模型(Hidden Markov Models-HMMs)图形模式与贝叶斯网络结合起来构成DBN,将其用于无人机照相侦察情报的推理分析,决定炮火优先打击区域.首先建立动态贝叶斯网络的战场态势变化模型,而后应用HMM的推理算法获得当前隐含序列最优估计,且可预测出未来战场态势.最后应用模糊推理获得优先打击的区域号.仿真结果表明了模型的可行性.该方法有效解决了贝叶斯网络对于瞬间变化战场态势推理的不足的缺陷,为炮兵指挥员更好地运用火力,分出主次奠定了基础.     

基于贝叶斯网络的威胁识别

根据威胁识别与贝叶斯网络的特点,提出了基于贝叶斯网络的威胁识别方法.分析了使用贝叶斯网络进行威胁估计表示问题,提出了构建贝叶斯网络进行威胁估计的步骤.最后,给出一个具体的实例,演示了使用贝叶斯网络进行威胁识别的过程,实现了战场态势中蓝方机群对红方战术意图的提前预测.     

基于直觉模糊贝叶斯网络的不确定性推理方法

针对模糊贝叶斯网络模型对战场态势信息不确定性描述与推理方面的局限性,利用直觉模糊属性函数表示贝叶斯网络节点概率以及变量间的因果依赖关系,给出了直觉模糊贝叶斯网络(IFBN)的定义,证明了节点直觉模糊性在贝叶斯网络推理中的可传播性,并提出了基于IFBN的不确定性推理方法,有效地提高了贝叶斯网络模型推理的准确性,增强了军事态势评估系统形成正确战场感知的作战效能。最后通过典型实例验证了该方法的有效性和优越性。     

信息化战场环境下态势估计系统及其仿真技术

态势估计是数据融合体系中的一个重要层次.在当前信息化战争的环境下,态势估计技术在战斗中的作用显得尤为重要,目前国内关于态势估计的研究大多数处在概念研究的阶段.分析了态势估计的基本原理,给出了在信息化战场环境中态势估计的处理流程,构建了一个基于专家系统的态势估计系统,并采用HLA技术,利用VR_Force和VC开发了一套空战态势估计仿真系统.     

贝叶斯网络的编队对地攻击作战效能评估

针对影响编队作战效能的不确定性因素,提出基于灰色模糊贝叶斯网络的作战效能评估模型.该模型首先将不确定性因素分为灰色模糊域和概率域两大类,然后在灰色模糊域使用灰色模糊综合评判对不确定性因素进行评判,并运用可能性概率转换理论将评判结果转换为概率域知识,最后在概率知识域使用贝叶斯网络推理算法得到作战效能评估指标值.实例计算表明,该方法能够较好地量化处理不确定性知识,具有一定的实用性.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.