语用知识-合作原则产生的会话含义在语言交际中的作用

介绍了合作原则在语言交际中的作用 ,并主要分析了违反若干准则而产生的会话含义或言外之意在交际中的效果以及与语境的关系 .此外 ,合作原则不仅用于会话 ,也用于文学作品中 ,而且在外语教学中传授一些语用知识 ,对提高学生的理解能力和交际能力是有益处的 .     

语境对词义的制约深化和偏移

语境就是语言环境.在书面语中表现为上下文所产生的语言环境.在口语和其他语言形式中,语境比较复杂,包括自然环境,社会环境,编码者和解码者的心理状态.文化素养等等诸多因素.语境对词义的影响,大致可分三个方面:制约、深化和偏移.本文试图对这种现象进行分析,并从理论上做些粗浅的研究和探讨.     

英语简单介词的语境意义及其翻译

语境意义也称语义范围,是指由上下文提供的社会场合或情景所决定的词语意义.一个介词在其词典意义不明确的情况下,只有弄清楚它在具体语境中确切的含义、传达的信息、具有的功能和所起的作用,才能在译文中正确处理.本文拟就简单介词的语境意义及其翻译提出一些粗浅看法.     

谈语境对语篇的影响

语言作为人类的交际工具,总是为一定的交际目的在不同的交际场合使用。人们运用语言这一工具进行社会交际总是受到现实环境的支配与影响。任何语言的使用都有语境,语篇作为言语交际中传递信息的载体,同样也离不开语境。语境体现为语篇的语言选择,而语篇的语言选择又建构了语境。语境是交际双方共同的认知前提。对于语境的研究和分析,有助于更加准确地研究和分析基于这个语境产生的语篇。     

试析词义在语境中的偏移现象

汉语词义在特定的语境中,会临时产生一种词义,这种现象就叫做词义的偏移.它有别于我们常见的词义的引申义等.词义偏移的作用是:可使语言产生新颖、奇特的修辞效果.     

论语境因素与词汇内涵特征

本文就语境因素、语用条件（如规约隐含和预设等因素）及语义关系论述了对词汇意义,即词的概念意义（显示意义）与内涵意义（暗示意义）,特别是对词汇内涵意义的理解及其用法所产生的影响。由于语境作用,就词义在使用中的演变及变化过程,阐释了词汇意义的内涵特征：词义的动态性、灵活性和语境依赖性。     

基于指控交互信息用户语境的语义Web服务发现和组合

在军事指挥控制模拟训练系统和训练装备研究领域,指控系统与仿真系统的开发是相对的,遵循不同的标准和协议,在结构和功能上存在很大的差异。通过建立指控交互信息的语义Web服务概念参考模型,提出指控系统与仿真系统互操作性面临的技术需求,研究基于指控交互信息用户语境的语义Web服务发现和服务组合,提出了基于静态与动态用户语境匹配的语义Web服务发现架构和服务匹配算法,以及基于用户语境的语义Web服务组合算法。     

语篇衔接与情景语境的互动效应

根据Ｈａｌｌｉｄａｙ的语篇分析理论模式，讨论了语篇衔接和情景语境相互作用产生的总体效果，探讨了语篇衔接和情景语境的功能特点，阐述了语篇衔接在语言系统中的地位，进一步明确了语篇衔接的理论地位和基本特点．     

语用意识增强式任务模式在语法教学中的应用

本文以澳大利亚英语语法课堂教学为例，介绍了“语用意识增强式任务模式”在外语语法教学中的应用。该模式强调以语言形式为基点，结合语用机制、语境知识和百科知识，通过语言理解与输出，提高学习者对语言形式的注意程度，增强语法的语用意识功能。这一模式为探讨外语语法教学有效途径提供启示。     

隐含否定的非规约性间接言语行为的语境阐释

隐含否定的非规约性间接言语行为是表达层面上不具备否定的形式,但却具有否定内容的语言现象。本文从语言语境、常规关系语境及社交语境角度对隐含否定的非规约性间接言语行为进行分析,并用具体实例说明语境信息对理解和表达隐含否定的非规约性间接言语行为的有效作用。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.