On the output of parallel exponential service channels

The paper treats the output process of a service center that has a large number of independent exponential channels in parallel. Initially all channels are working and there is a fixed backlog of items awaiting service. The moments are derived and central limit theorems are developed. Problems of computation are discussed and suitable formulae are developed. The joint distribution of the output of the center with the center's total busy time and total idle time are derived. Normal approximations to these distributions are presented.     

Analytic approximations for (s,S) inventory policy operating characteristics

The operating characteristics of (s,S) inventory systems are often difficult to compute, making systems analysis a tedious and often expensive undertaking. Approximate expressions for operating characteristics are presented with a view towards simplified analysis of systems behavior. The operating characteristics under consideration are the expected values of: total cost per period, period-end inventory, period-end stockout quantity, replenishment cost per period, and backlog frequency. The approximations are obtained by a two step procedure. First, exact expressions for the operating characteristics are approximated by simplified functions. Then the approximations are used to design regression models which are fitted to the operating characteristics of a large number of inventory items with diverse parameter settings. Accuracy to within a few percent of actual values is typical for most of the approximations.     

物伞系统动力特性研究

研究了降落伞一物体系统的空间运动。假定降落伞和物体都有６个自由度，两者通过吊带连接起来。推导了物伞系统运动的非线性微分方程，运动方程中没有考虑伞绳和吊带的弹性。用所得数学模型分析了减速伞回收系统的动力特性，给出了仿真计算结果。     

流形上的状态反馈控制策略

在流形上研究非线性系统的反馈镇定问题 ,针对线性化系统存在不可控不稳定子空间和不可控中心子空间几种情形 ,提出通过构造中心流形的控制策略 ,使线性化系统变为完全可控系统 .给出的系列定理表明 :①在线性化系统完全可控条件下 ,线性多输入反馈控制足可以使非线性系统镇定于原点 ;若原点为双曲的 ,则单输入线性控制是足够的 ;②线性化系统部份可控时 ,若不可控子空间是不稳定子空间 ,则存在中心流形控制器 ,使系统在原点邻域的平衡点上变为完全可控系统 ;若不可控子空间是中心子空间 ,则既可以通过中心流形将系统反馈镇定于原点 ,又可以重新构造中心流形使系统在原点的邻域内变为完全可控系统 ;③将存在不可控单零特征根的系统镇定于原点 ,构成了控制器的设计算法 .     

Some pros and cons of MIL-STD-414

MIL-STD-414 has been in existence in its original form since 1957. Obviously, there are some things that are right about 414. But there are some changes to the standard that are long overdue. This article presents some pros and cons of 414 and a recommendation that it be replaced by a MIL-STD-414A. Two concerns regarding ANSI/ASQC Z1.9 are discussed.     

基于状态监控的武器系统管理体系构建与功能分析

将CBM＋技术及思想应用于武器系统管理领域，提出了基于状态监控的武器系统管理思路。以某武器系统为研究对象，分析了基于状态监控的武器系统管理的特点；按照模块化原则、管理功能模块与信息保障模块对应原则和集成原则，构建了基于状态监控的武器系统管理体系；探讨了该管理体系中各组成模块的结构设计，并分析了其功能。研究结果为实现武器系统使用中的状态监控与信息化管理提供了体系框架。     

Scheduling jobs with piecewise linear decreasing processing times

We study the problems of scheduling a set of nonpreemptive jobs on a single or multiple machines without idle times where the processing time of a job is a piecewise linear nonincreasing function of its start time. The objectives are the minimization of makespan and minimization of total job completion time. The single machine problems are proved to be NP‐hard, and some properties of their optimal solutions are established. A pseudopolynomial time algorithm is constructed for makespan minimization. Several heuristics are derived for both total completion time and makespan minimization. Computational experiments are conducted to evaluate their efficiency. NP‐hardness proofs and polynomial time algorithms are presented for some special cases of the parallel machine problems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 531–554, 2003     

Calculation of the cost of warranty policies as a function of estimated life distributions

Two types of warranties are analyzed. These are the free-replacement warranty, under which failed items are replaced free of charge until a specified total operating time has been achieved, and the pro rata warranty, under which items that fail prior to a specified time are replaced at pro rata cost to the buyer. Both the buyer's and seller's points of view are considered. The basis of the analysis is a comparison of warranted and unwarranted (otherwise identical) items with regard to long-run cost to the buyer and long-run profit to the seller. Application of the results requires knowledge of certain characteristics of the life distribution of the items in question. Parametric and nonparametric methods of estimation of these characteristics from incomplete data are discussed. Single and multiple failure-mode situations are considered. Some solutions to the problem are illustrated using incomplete data on failure times of an aircraft component.     

液体火箭发动机故障诊断的最优回归方法

提出了一种基于最优回归理论的液体火箭发动机故障诊断方法，可以在测量参数较少的情况下诊断出较多的发动机故障。当发动机故障不太严重、故障因素也不多时，得到比较满意的关于故障定位和故障大小的结果；在发动机故障比较严重的情况下，仍能得到比较好的故障定位结果；当存在多个故障因素时，诊断效能有所下降。结果表明本文所提方法在比较大的范围之内具有良好的效果。     

Weapon acquisition with target uncertainty

This article is concerned with choosing a mix of weapons, subject to constraints, when the targets to be attacked are known imprecisely. It is shown that the correct method for optimizing the mix of weapons involves a pair of nested optimization problems (two-stage optimization). Two methods for optimizing the expected utility of a mix are discussed. The first involves a simultaneous attack model, in which it is implicitly assumed that all weapons are used at once. The second involves a sequential attack model, in which targets appear in random order and are attacked one at a time. Particular attention is given to the question of the appropriate mix of general-purpose and special-purpose weapons.     

Reliability acceptance testing for new series systems

The mean time between failures (MTBF) of a newly minted series system, all of whose components exhibit wear, will tend to be much larger than the MTBF of the same system after it has become fully aged. When fully aged systems are used for the testing, acceptance tests with a criterion regarding the MTBF of a well-aged system can be based on the assumption that times between system failures are independent, with identical exponential distributions. However, these tests are shown to offer essentially no consumer protection when applied to new systems. Tests are derived which are correct when new systems are under test but the acceptance criterion refers to the MTBF of a well-aged system. The derivation uses an approximate Poisson distribution which is valid if the total number of systems on test is sufficiently large.     

An operator theory of parametric programming for the generalized transportation problem: II Rim,cost and bound operators

This paper investigates the effect on the optimum solution of a capacitated generalized transportation problem when certain data of the problem are continuously varied as a linear function of a single parameter. First the rim conditions, then the cost coefficients, and finally the cell upper bounds are varied parametrically and the effect on the optimal solution, the associated change in costs and the dual changes are derived. Finally the effect of simultaneous changes in both cost coefficients and rim conditions are investigated. Bound operators that effect changes in upper bounds are shown to be equivalent to rim operators. The discussion in this paper is limited to basis preserving operators for which the changes in the data are such that the optimum bases are preserved.     

On queueing systems with variable service capacities

In some queueing systems the total service capacity utilized at any given time is a variable under the control of a decision maker. Management doctrines are examined which prescribe the actual service capacity as a function of the queue length and the recent history of the system. Steady state probabilities, expected queue lengths and frequencies of change in capacity are evaluated for a wide class of possible control schemes. Optimization procedures are outlined.     

武器装备体系能力矩阵评估方法

针对武器装备体系能力难以客观、定量评估的问题,引入复杂网络理论,提出了基于矩阵运算的武器装备体系能力评估方法。分析了武器装备体系能力的概念,建立了武器装备体系的复杂层次网络模型,描述了装备网络的组成、运行过程,定义了装备网络的矩阵描述方法和矩阵运算规则,提出了装备网络作战能力描述参数,给出了装备网络能力的矩阵计算方法,进行了影响因素分析,最后通过实例验证了方法可行性、有效性和灵活性。     

A lost sales (S — 1, S) perishable inventory system with renewal demand

This article analyzes a one-to-one ordering perishable inventory model with renewal demands and exponential lifetimes. The leadtimes are independently and exponentially distributed and the demands that occur during stock out periods are lost. Although the items are assumed to decay at a constant rate, the output process is not renewal and the Markov renewal techniques are successfully employed to obtain the operating characteristics. The problem of minimizing the long run expected cost rate is discussed and numerical values of optimal stock level are also provided. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于仿真推演的导弹作战实验框架分析与设计

针对导弹武器论证设计高成本、高复杂度的问题，本文梳理了导弹作战实验设计服务的多种功能需求，阐述了导弹作战实验设计的数理方法；为构建具有较好柔性的导弹作战实验仿真框架，针对导弹系统多个性能指标，辨析了各类导弹作战实验仿真变量；针对作战实验中的环境和装备特性，梳理了导弹作战实验模型体系，提出了仿真新模型开发框架；结合导弹作战实验案例，构建了实验设计优化方法，提出了作战实验检验设计方案；从运行实验出发，阐述了设定作战想定、建立控制机制、开展结果分析等仿真环节的具体设计。通过这些工作，形成了一种支撑导弹作战实验的柔性仿真框架，为进一步开展基于仿真推演的导弹作战实验提供参考。     

Multiechelon inventory systems with lateral supply

We develop approximations to estimate the expected backorders in a multiechelon system in which lateral supply actions between bases are allowed when a backorder occurs. These approximations are easy to compute, and the average absolute error over a wide range of parameter values is less than 4% when items are depot repairable, even when bases are dissimilar. With lateral supply, backorder reductions of 30-50% are not uncommon, and a 72% reduction was observed in two cases. Lateral supply becomes more important with low demand rates. A similar approach was unsuccessful for base-repairable items. However, lateral supply has a beneficial effect only when the lateral supply time is very short, 1/4 or less of the average base repair time. Even in such cases lateral supply is unlikely to be important in an actual application, because base management can expedite repair of critical items.     

一种基于双目视觉原理的飞机尾旋运动姿态测量方法

针对飞机尾旋运动研究中的姿态测量问题,提出一种基于双目立体视差原理的测量方法.通过两部相机拍摄图像的视差,恢复模型表面特征空间三维信息,由表面特征计算模型运动姿态.设计了一组有特定形状和严格尺寸的人工特征,具有识别正确率高、定位精确等特点.提供人工特征的设计方法.最后,分别给出旋转天平实验和风洞实验的实测数据,实测结果表明该方法测量准确,鲁棒性好,在立式风洞飞机模型尾旋运动测量的应用中十分有效.     

Optimal spares for stochastically failing equipment

A mathematical model is formulated for determining the number of spare components to purchase when components stochastically fail according to a known life distribution function and there is a cost incurred when a component is replaced. Bounds are determined for the optimal inventory which indicate that the inclusion of the replacement cost lowers the optimal inventory. Since these bounds are no easier to calculate than the optimal spares level, the theory is specialized to components with exponentially distributed time to failure. Procedures are given for calculating the optimal spares level, and numerical examples are provided.     

Economic screening procedures using a correlated variable with multidecision alternatives

Economic screening procedures using a correlated variable are developed for selecting markets in situations when there are several markets with different profit/ cost structures. It is assumed that the performance variable and the screening variable are jointly normally distributed. Profit models are constructed which involve three profit/cost components: profit from a conforming item, cost from an accepted nonconforming item, and screening inspection cost. Methods of finding the optimal screening procedures are presented and numerical examples are given.