Storage life prediction under pre-strained thermally-accelerated aging of HTPB coating using the change of crosslinking density

In order to predict the storage life of a certain type of HTPB (hydroyl-terminated polybutadiene) coating at 25 C and analyze the influence of pre-strain on the storage life, the accelerated aging tests of HTPB coating at 40 C, 50 C, 60 C, 70 C with the pre-strain of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, respectively were carried out. The variation regularity of the change of crosslinking density was analyzed and the aging model of HTPB coating under pre-strained thermally-accelerated aging was proposed. The storage life of HTPB coating at 25 C was estimated by using the Berthelot equation as the end point of the aging life with a 30% decrease in maximum elongation. The results showed that the change of crosslinking density of HTPB coating increased with the increase of aging temperature and aging time, and decreased with the in-crease of pre-strain. Under 0% pre-strain, the relationship between the change of crosslinking density of HTPB coating and the aging time can be described by the logarithmic model with the confidence probability greater than 99%.The stress relaxation phenomenon existed under 3%, 6% and 9% pre-strained aging. The aging model considering chemical aging and pre-strain was established with the confidence probability greater than 90%. The storage life of HTPB coating was 15.2935 years at 25 C under 0% pre-strain, which was reduced by 13.9007%, 75.6949% and 89.7859% under 3%, 6% and 9% pre-strain, respectively. The existence of pre-strain has a serious impact on the storage life of HTPB coating, therefore, the pre-strain should be avoided as much as possible during the actual storage.     

Transverse relaxation characteristic and stress relaxation model considering molecular chains of HTPB coating based on pre-strained thermal aging

In order to accurately describe the transverse relaxation characteristic and stress relaxation modulus of HTPB coating during pre-strain thermal aging process, a one month thermal aging test was carried out at 70 C with pre-strain of 0％, 3％, 6％ and 9％, respectively. The low-field 1H NMR and stress relaxation modulus tests were carried out for HTPB coating at different aging stages. The stress relaxation model considering the molecular chains was proposed according to the changes of crosslinking chain and dangling chain of HTPB coating during pre-strain aging. The results showed that with the increase of aging time, the decay rate of transverse relaxation curve became faster, the transverse relaxation time decreased, the value of combined parameter qMrl increased, the proportion of crosslinking chain decreased, while the proportion of dangling chain increased. Moreover, the stress relaxation modulus increased, the crosslinking network structure of HTPB coating became denser and the degree of cross-linking increased. At the initial aging stage, the pre-strain will destroy the crosslinking network structure of HTPB coating to a certain extent. With the increase of aging time, the effect of pre-strain will gradually weaken and the influence of aging on materials will gradually increase. The correlations between the stress relaxation model considering the molecular chains and the test results were more than 0.9950, which can accurately describe the stress relaxation modulus of HTPB coating during the pre-strain thermal aging process.     

Research on the influences of confining pressure and strain rate on NEPE propellant: Experimental assessment and constitutive model

In order to study the influences of confining pressure and strain rate on the mechanical properties of the Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether (NEPE) propellant, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted using the self-made confining pressure system and material testing machine. The stress-strain responses of the NEPE propellant under different confining pressure conditions and strain rates were obtained and analyzed. The results show that confining pressure and strain rate have a remarkably influence on the mechanical responses of the NEPE propellant. As confining pressure increases (from 0 to 5.4 MPa), the maximum tensile stress and ultimate strain increase gradually. With the coupled effects of confining pressure and strain rate, the value of the maximum tensile stress and ultimate strain at 5.4 MPa and 0.0667 s⁻¹ is 2.03 times and 2.19 times of their values under 0 MPa and 0.00333 s⁻¹, respectively. Afterwards, the influence mechanism of confining pressure on the NEPE propellant was analyzed. Finally, based on the viscoelastic theory and continuous damage theory, a nonlinear constitutive model considering confining pressure and strain rate was developed. The damage was considered to be rate-dependent and pressure-dependent. The constitutive model was validated by comparing experimental data with predictions of the constitutive model. The whole maximum stress errors of the model predictions are lower than 4% and the corresponding strain errors are lower than 7%. The results show that confining pressure can suppress the damage initiation and evolution of the NEPE propellant and the nonlinear constitutive model can describe the mechanical responses of the NEPE propellant under various confining pressure conditions and strain rates. This research can lay a theoretical foundation for analyzing the structural integrity of propellant grain accurately under working pressure loading.     

Phenomenological modelling of flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 reactor pressure vessel steel at cryogenic temperature with different strain rates

In the present study a phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 low carbon reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel at sub-zero temperature under different strain rates. A set of uniaxial tensile tests is done with the variation of strain rates and temperature ranging from 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ to 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ and -80 °C to −140 °C respectively. From the experimental data, family of flow curves at different temperatures and strain rates are generated and fitted exponentially. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the coefficients of the exponential flow curves are extracted from these curves and characterised through a general phenomenological constitutive coupled equation. The coefficients of this coupled equation are optimised using genetic algorithm. Finite element simulation of tensile tests at different strain rates and temperatures are done using this coupled equation in material model of Abaqus FEA software and validated with experimental results. The novelties of proposed model are: (a) it can predict precisely the flow behaviour of tensile tests (b) it is a simple form of equation where fitting parameters are both function of strain rate ratio and temperature ratio, (c) it has ability to characterize flow behaviour with decreasing subzero temperatures and increasing strain rates.     

Neural network modeling to evaluate the dynamic flow stress of high strength armor steels under high strain rate compression

An artificial neural network (ANN) constitutive model is developed for high strength armor steel tempered at 500 °C, 600 °C and 650 °C based on high strain rate data generated from split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments. A new neural network configuration consisting of both training and validation is effectively employed to predict flow stress. Tempering temperature, strain rate and strain are considered as inputs, whereas flow stress is taken as output of the neural network. A comparative study on Johnson–Cook (J–C) model and neural network model is performed. It was observed that the developed neural network model could predict flow stress under various strain rates and tempering temperatures. The experimental stress–strain data obtained from high strain rate compression tests using SHPB, over a range of tempering temperatures (500–650 °C), strains (0.05–0.2) and strain rates (1000–5500/s) are employed to formulate J–C model to predict the high strain rate deformation behavior of high strength armor steels. The J-C model and the back-propagation ANN model were developed to predict the high strain rate deformation behavior of high strength armor steel and their predictability is evaluated in terms of correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE). R and AARE for the J–C model are found to be 0.7461 and 27.624%, respectively, while R and AARE for the ANN model are 0.9995 and 2.58%, respectively. It was observed that the predictions by ANN model are in consistence with the experimental data for all tempering temperatures.     

提高聚氨酯推进剂基体粘结强度的途径探索

聚氨酯的水解稳定性较差,粘结强度偏低。将端羟基聚丁二烯与聚氨酯进行共混改性,提高了聚氨酯基体的表观交联度及推进剂的拉伸强度。采用示差扫描量热法和红外光谱法分析基体共混物的微观结构,表明这是提高聚氨酯基体粘结强度的一条有效途径。     

陶瓷/金属梯度热障涂层的制备及性能评价

为了评价陶瓷/金属梯度热障涂层的性能,设计了4种涂层方案和2种基体材料(1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13).利用单枪单送粉器成功地制备了线性梯度涂层.通过观察涂层的微观结构、测量涂层的抗热震性能和热残余应力来评价涂层的性能.利用扫描电镜对各种陶瓷涂层的微观结构进行了观察和分析,利用X射线能谱分析得到了陶瓷梯度涂层试样中的不同区域的衍射图.热震试验表明,梯度涂层比非梯度涂层具有更好的抗热震性能.采用钻孔法对不同涂层方案进行了残余应力的测量,结果表明,压应力出现在1Cr18Ni9Ti基体材料上,而拉应力出现在2Cr13基体材料上.     

定应变作用下NEPE推进剂老化特性及寿命预估研究

为考察定应变作用下NEPE推进剂的老化特性,研究了20%定应变作用下NEPE推进剂贮存老化过程中力学性能、凝胶性能和界面性能的变化.研究结果表明:定应变作用下NEPE推进剂在贮存老化过程中最大抗拉强度降低,最大延伸率变化较小,其老化失效主要表现为强度的失效;定应变下NEPE推进剂的凝胶百分数和粘附功随老化时间的延长而降低,NEPE推进剂粘合剂基体的降解断裂和界面的"脱湿"是其主要的老化机理;定应变下NEPE推进剂的力学性能与细观性能的相关性研究表明,最大抗拉强度与凝胶百分数和粘附功存在相关关系,计算了其关系式,建立了由细观性能评估推进剂宏观力学性能的方法;选择最大抗拉强度下降30%时失效,20%定应变下NEPE推进剂的贮存寿命为8.3年.     

An interface shear damage model of chromium coating/steel substrate under thermal erosion load

The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel's erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gun-powder,micro-element damage tends to occur within the Cr coating/steel substrate interface,leading to a gradual deterioration in macro-mechanical properties for the material in the related region.In order to mimic this cyclic thermal load and,thereby,study the thermal erosion behavior of the Cr coating on the barrel's inner wall,a laser emitter is utilized in the current study.With the help of in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation results,a shear stress distribution law of the Cr coating/steel substrate and a change law of the interface ultimate shear strength are identified.Studies have shown that the Cr coating/steel substrate interface's ultimate shear strength has a significant weakening effect due to increasing temperature.In this study,the interfacial ultimate shear strength decreases from 2.57 GPa(no erosion)to 1.02 GPa(laser power is 160 W).The data from this experiment is employed to establish a Cr coating/steel substrate interface shear damage model.And this model is used to predict the flaking process of Cr coating by finite element method.The simulation results show that the increase of coating crack spacing and coating thickness will increase the service life of gun barrel.     

An approach for predicting digital material consumption in electronic warfare

Electronic warfare is a modern combat mode, in which predicting digital material consumption is a key for material requirements planning (MRP). In this paper, we introduce an insensitive loss function (ε) and propose a ε-SVR-based prediction approach. First, we quantify values of influencing factors of digital equipments in electronic warfare and a small-sample data on real consumption to form a real combat data set, and preprocess it to construct the sample space. Subsequently, we establish the ε-SVR-based prediction model based on “wartime influencing factors - material consumption” and perform model training. In case study, we give 8 historical battle events with battle damage data and predict 3 representative kinds of digital materials by using the proposed approach. The results illustrate its higher accuracy and more convenience compared with other current approaches. Taking data acquisition controller prediction as an example, our model has better prediction performance (RMSE = 0.575 7, MAPE (%) = 12.037 6 and R² = 0.996 0) compared with BP neural network model (RMSE = 1.272 9, MAPE (%) = 23.577 5 and R² = 0.980 3) and GM (1, 1) model (RMSE = 2.095 0, MAPE (%) = 24.188 0 and R² = 0.946 6). The fact shows that the approach can be used to support decision-making for MRP in electronic warfare.     

功率循环下IGBT模块电热参数变化规律分析

为了分析IGBT模块老化过程中电热参数的变化规律,对IGBT模块进行了功率循环加速老化试验,并基于单脉冲测试方法在加速老化试验进程中每间隔1 000次功率循环,测取一次IGBT的结温、集电极电流与饱和压降三维关系曲面、开关能耗、热阻抗以及瞬态热阻抗曲线。IGBT模块老化失效时,其饱和压降、开通能耗、关断能耗以及热阻较其初始值分别增大了3.92%、12.05%、18.87%和22.65%,试验结果表明随着IGBT模块功率循环次数的增多,相同工作条件下IGBT饱和压降的增幅逐渐加大,而饱和压降、结温和集电极电流三者间的内在关系没有明显变化;IGBT瞬态热阻抗曲线暂态部分几乎不变,稳态部分向上移动的幅度逐渐加大;测取的IGBT模块电热参数中饱和压降增幅最小,开关能耗增幅较大,模块热阻的增幅最为明显。     

A new experimental way for the monitoring of the real/equivalent in-service-time of double base rocket propellant by coupling VST and PCA

The assessment of the real in-service-time(RIST)and the equivalent in-service-time(EIST)of double base rocket propellants(DBRPs)is of utmost importance for the safe storage and use of weapon systems as well as the efficiency of the accelerated aging plans.In this work,four DBRPs with similar chemical composition and different natural aging have been artificially aged at T = 338.65 K for 4 months with sampling every 30 days.The unaged and artificially aged samples have been investigated by vacuum stability test(VST)at five isothermal temperatures(T = 333.15 K,343.15 K,353.15 K,363.15 K,and 373.15 K).The volume of the evolved gases in VST was found to decrease with natural/artificial aging.Furthermore,the VST data were treated and subjected to principal component analysis(PCA).The results showed excellent discrimination of the DBRP samples according to their stability thermal properties.Most of the variance was described by the first principal component(PC1)whose scores were linearly correlated with the natural aging durations when PCA is applied on VST data obtained at T = 363.15 K.In light of the obtained results,a new experimental way for the estimation of the real/equivalent IST was proposed,which takes into account the impact of the natural aging of the sample.The approach predicts successfully the RIST of two similar DBRPs with a relative deviation of less than 2％.At the specific heating temperature T = 338.65 K,the developed model provides more conceivable EIST values,with asymptotic behavior against artificial aging duration evolution,thus overcoming some shortcomings of the common generalized van't Hoff formula(GvH).     

The mechanical performance and a rate-dependent constitutive model for Al3Ti compound

The Al₃Ti compound has potential application in the high temperature structure materials due to its low density, high strength and stiffness. The mechanical behaviors of the material under different loading rates were studied using compression tests. The results indicate that Al₃Ti is a typical brittle material and its compressive strength is dependent on the strain rate. Therefore, a series of rate-dependent constitutive equations are needed to describe its mechanical behaviors accurately. However, it is still short of professional research on the material model for Al₃Ti. In this study, the material model was developed on the basis of JH-2 constitutive equations using the experimental data. The model was then applied in simulating the impact process of Ti/Al₃Ti metal-intermetallic laminate composites so as to validate the established model. Good agreement between simulation and experiment results shows the constitutive model predict the material responses under high rate and large deformation accurately. This work provides more support for the theoretical and numerical research on the intermetallic.     

多管火箭武器储运发射箱长期储存蠕变性能预测

为探究火箭武器储运发射箱长期储存的蠕变性能,制备复合材料层压板并开展单轴拉伸蠕变试验,获得了单向纤维复合材料主方向的蠕变本构模型参数。采用有限元方法并借助用户自定义材料子程序建立储运发射箱长期储存蠕变的数值分析模型,预测了堆码储存15年后底层发射箱的蠕变变形。以储存后的发射箱作为初始状态建立弹管耦合发射动力学仿真计算模型,进一步分析蠕变对火箭弹发射过程的影响。仿真结果表明:蠕变引起的定向器平行度和发射箱底面平面度的变化均小于技术指标规定值,定向器束的最大残余变形在三维空间内呈马鞍状分布,上、下两行中间位置定向器的变形最大,左、右两列中间位置定向器的变形最小。定向器蠕变变形使得弹管间隙减小,火箭弹在管内运动使弹管之间的动态接触碰撞力增大,离轨速度降低。     

飞行器涂层防热选材、设计与应用

就防热材料选材、设计,主要是涂层设计原理和设计过程中需要考虑的一些问题浅谈了一些体会,对变密度非稳态的、有机/无机杂化防热涂层材料的热导率计算等参数辨识方法原理作了初步探讨,还介绍了几种热防护涂层(TPC)的性能、应用情况和防热效果.     

Heat treatment optimization for tensile properties of 8011 Al/15% SiCp metal matrix composite using response surface methodology

In this study,a mathematical model was developed to optimize the heat treatment process for maximum tensile strength and ductility of aluminum(8011) silicon carbide particulate composites.The process parameters are solutionizing time,aging temperature,and aging time.The experiments were performed on an universal testing machine according to centre rotatable design matrix.A mathematical model was developed with the main and interactive effects of the parameters considered.The analysis of variance technique was used to check the adequacy of the developed model.The optimum parameters were obtained for maximum tensile strength.Fractographic examination shows the cracks and dimples on the fractured surfaces of heat-treated specimen.     

A bayesian optimisation methodology for the inverse derivation of viscoplasticity model constants in high strain-rate simulations

We present an inverse methodology for deriving viscoplasticity constitutive model parameters for use in explicit finite element simulations of dynamic processes using functional experiments, i.e., those which provide value beyond that of constitutive model development. The developed methodology utilises Bayesian optimisation to minimise the error between experimental measurements and numerical simulations performed in LS-DYNA. We demonstrate the optimisation methodology using high hardness armour steels across three types of experiments that induce a wide range of loading conditions: ballistic penetration, rod-on-anvil, and near-field blast deformation. By utilising such a broad range of conditions for the optimisation, the resulting constitutive model parameters are generalised, i.e., applicable across the range of loading conditions encompassed the by those experiments (e.g., stress states, plastic strain magnitudes, strain rates, etc.). Model constants identified using this methodology are demonstrated to provide a generalisable model with superior predictive accuracy than those derived from conventional mechanical characterisation experiments or optimised from a single experimental condition.     

Combustion characteristic and aging behavior of bimetal thermite powders

Nanothermites have been employed as fuel additives in energetic formulations due to their higher en-ergy density over CHNO energetics. Nevertheless, sintering and degradation of nanoparticles signifi-cantly limit the practical use of nanothermites. In this work, combustion characteristic and aging behavior of aluminum/iron oxide (Al/Fe2O3) nanothermite mixtures were investigated in the presence of micron-scale nickel aimed to produce bimetal thermite powders. The results showed that the alumina content in the combustion residue increased from 88.3％ for Al/Fe2O3 nanothermite to 96.5％ for the nanothermite mixture containing 20 wt％nickel. Finer particle sizes of combustion residue were obtained for the nanothermite mixtures containing nickel, indicative of the reduced agglomeration. Both results suggested a more complete combustion in the bimetal thermite powders. Aging behavior of the nano-thermite mixture was also assessed by measuring the heat of combustion of the mixture before and after aging process. The reduction in heat of combustion of nanothermite mixtures containing nickel was less severe as compared to a significant decrease for the nanothermite mixture without nickel, indicating better aging resistance of the bimetal thermite powders.     

Dynamic necking of a near α titanium alloy at high strain rates:Experiments and modelling

The tensile behaviour of near α Ti3Al2.5 V alloy, conceived for applications in aerospace and automotive engineering, is characterized from quasi-static to high strain rates. The material is found to present noticeable strain rate sensitivity. The dynamic true strain rate in the necking cross-section reaches values up to ten times higher than the nominal strain rate. It is also observed that beyond necking the dynamic true stress-strain curves present limited rate dependence. The experimental results at different strain rates are used to determine a suitable constitutive model for finite element simulations of the dynamic tensile tests. The model predicts the experimentally macroscopic force-time response, true stress-strain response and effective strain rate evolution with good agreement.