如何用科学的态度正确认识党的纲领的科学性？

江泽民同志在“七一”讲话中深刻指出：“在革命、建设和改革的各个历史阶段中,我们党既有每个阶段的基本纲领即最低纲领,也有确定长远奋斗目标的最高纲领。我们是最低纲领与最高纲领的统一论者。”这一科学论述,不仅提出了如何正确对待党的纲领的思想方法,在理论上有重要的创新,而且对党的实践活动也有重要的指导意义。     

知识建构课堂中的高阶思维发生路径研究

如何培养学生高阶思维能力是目前社会各界非常关注的问题。知识建构教学在促进"浅层学习"转向"深度学习"方面取得的研究,已经得到了国际学习科学领域的广泛认可,而对于如何促进学生高阶思维能力发展具体途径,还需要不断进行探索。研究以小学二年级科学课程为例,按照知识建构的课堂组织了教学设计过程。通过研究发现,知识建构的课堂通过培养学生发散思维能力、发现问题、解决问题的能力和综合能力,可以有效促进学生高阶思维能力的培养。     

“三个代表”思想对共产党人先进性的科学界定及其创新意义--纪念中国共产党成立80周年

作为新时期党的建设的伟大纲领,“三个代表”思想包含着深刻的时代内涵,具有明确的实践指向和多层面的创新意义.“三个代表”对共产党人先进性的科学界定,深刻揭示了党的先进性的时代内涵,鲜明回答了如何在适应时代潮流和把握社会发展规律上保持共产党人先进性的重大问题,是对马克思主义建党学说的科学发展,蕴涵着丰富的理论创新精神.     

深化“三个规律”的认识与坚持“两大纲领”的统一

深化“三个规律”的认识与坚持“两大纲领”的统一，是江泽民同志在“七一”讲话中提出的两个重大命题。在谈到贯彻“三个代表”要求必须坚持党的解放思想、实事求是的思想路线时，江泽民同志指出：“只要我们站在时代前列，立足于新的实践，把握住时代特点，运用马克思主义基本理论研究现实中的重大问题，不断深化对共产党执政的规律、对社会主义建设的规律、对人类社会发展的规律的认识，不断吸取一切科学的新经验、新思想、新成果，我们就一定能够对丰富和发展马克思主义作出新的贡献。”     

充分认清“三个代表”的重要历史地位

江泽民同志“三个代表”的重要思想，是马克思主义基本原理与我国实际相结合的最新成果，是我们党推进党的建设伟大工程的科学指南，也是建设有中国特色社会主义的行动纲领。我们要坚定对“三个代表”的政治信仰，就必须充分认清其重要的历史地位，切实以理论上的清醒，确保政治上的坚定。     

坚持党的最低纲领与最高纲领的辩证统一

深刻领会江泽民“我们是最低纲领和最高纲领的统一论者” ,正确认识和把握最低纲领和最高纲领之间的辩证关系 ,防止和克服“速成论”、“怀疑论”和“空想论” ,对于我们全面推进建设有中国特色社会主义事业 ,实现中华民族伟大复兴 ,有着十分重要的意义。     

政治教育课后集中讨论的忌与重

如何抓好学习教育的关键环节——课后集中讨论，使其成为每次专题授课后官兵及时领悟和消化吸收的“中继站”和“助推器”，是各级党组织和领导者需要认真对待和把握的问题。搞好课后集中讨论，既要靠官兵自发自觉，更要靠科学引导和正确组织。     

《共产党宣言》的“两个必然”及其当代启示

《共产党宣言》深刻揭示了人类社会发展的“两个必然”，作出了资本主义必然灭亡，社会主义必然胜利的科学论断。“两个必然”论断的提出，有着其科学的历史背景和重大的现实意义，是在历史唯物主义基础上对人类社会发展规律所做的科学总结。这对于我们认识国际共产主义的发展规律，在国际共产主义运动处于相对低潮时期如何坚信共产主义有着重要的现实意义，对于正确把握资本主义的发展规律，同样有着极其重要的现实意义。     

“三个代表”与建设有中国特色社会主义民主政治

“三个代表”是党的建设的行动纲领，也与民主政治建设密切相联。这不仅因为政党是现代民主政治的核心，而且因为“三个代表”与民主政治建设在内容上有着内在的逻辑联系：不断解放和发展生产力，必然要求政治建设和政治改革为其打开更广阔的通途；发展先进文化，必然要求发展先进的政治文化；代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，包括广大人民的政治利益。     

贯彻落实“三个代表”重在坚持“三个必须”

江泽民总书记关于“三个代表”的重要思想，集中反映了党的第三代领导集体对毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的丰富和发展，是我们一切工作的指导思想和行动纲领。在新的形势下，怎样坚持和贯彻“三个代表”要求，调整理顺后勤工作思路，研究和解决后勤建设和改革中的实际问题，     

The stability of the nuclear nonproliferation norm: a critique of norm-contestation theory

This article argues that the nuclear nonproliferation norm (NNPN) is a social fact with a relatively independent life of its own and that it has a powerful impact on the behavior of both nuclear-weapon states (NWS) and non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS). It challenges the application of critical constructivist research on norms to the NNPN and the idea that its legitimacy and structural power depend on contestation “all the way down.” State and non-state actors play an important role in explaining the dynamics of the NNPN, but agential constructivism runs the danger of “throwing the baby out with the bath water,” neglecting the structural impact of the NNPN on state behavior. The article examines the limitations of norm-contestation theory, arguing that some norms are more resistant to contestation than others. The NNPN is more difficult to contest than new norms (such as the Responsibility to Protect) because it is rooted in fifty years of nonproliferation nuclear diplomacy. The US-India nuclear deal is not a case of “norm change” but a violation of the NNPN. The “core” of the NNPN has not changed since the US-India nuclear deal. The conflict confronting NWS and NNWS is about the implementation of “type 2” norms (organizing principles) and “type 3” norms (standardized procedures), and not about the “hard core” of the NNPN.     

Reconciling strategic studies … with itself: a common framework for choosing among strategies

Three distinct, and seemingly irreconcilable, schools of thought are identified within the strategic studies literature. One which searches for “universal principles of war,” a second, “context-dependent,” approach that seeks to embed each instance of warfare within its concurrent social, political, technological milieu and, finally a “paradoxical logic” school, which equates strategy with the generation of uncertainty. The author offers some intuitive concepts from non-cooperative game theory to develop a “dominate-mix” approach to strategy choice. In doing so, he helps to reconcile these disparate approaches and provides a simple framework to assist researchers in framing military decisions as well as to assist planners in choosing among strategies.     

From the people's army to the Jewish people's army: the IDF's force structure between professionalization and militarization

The article discusses processes of “religionization” within the institutional identity and ethos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the connection of these processes with the significant structural changes the IDF has undergone in recent decades. The main argument presented is that since the late 1980s, the IDF has been in a culture conflict, torn between soldiers and civilians who advocate turning the IDF into a professional army “military professionalization,” and others who wish to preserve, and even strengthen, the “people's army” model. The present article shows that the meaning of the term “people” in this phrase has shifted to refer strictly to the Jewish people, and that a national-ethnic perception strongly influenced by religious-national ideology has been adopted.     

Explaining the security paradigm shift: strategic culture,epistemic communities,and Israel’s changing national security policy

The paper’s main argument is that Israel’s security policy, which traditionally focused on defending its territorial integrity against regular Arab armed forces, was, by the 2010s, transformed into one that focuses on facing a variety of state- and non-state-based threats. Neo-realist explanations could neither account for the contested nature of the security debate during this period, nor the inconsistent evolution of the policy. The present study aims to solve this conundrum by introducing an alternative approach known as 4th generation strategic culture research. The paper is comprised of four parts. First, the origins and evolution of strategic culture are reviewed, with emphasis placed on the commonly accepted weaknesses that, to date, have prevented it from being used as a testable theoretical concept, and subsequently as an explanatory factor for security policy changes. The second part presents the “modernist constructivism” approach that bridges the gap between traditional constructivism and hypothesis-driven research design. Next, the paper introduces the emerging fourth generation in strategic culture literature, followed by a conceptual framework designed to resolve the inherent weaknesses of the more traditional approaches. Finally, this conceptual framework is applied to analyse the transformation of Israel’s security policy between 1982 and 2014.     

Human conflict and universal ethics (part 2)

This second part of the review article begins with a definition of military power, when and how it should be used. From a large number of authors, “moral forces” are linked to “codes of conduct”, and the fundamental understandings about the “profession of arms”, based on “fiduciary trust”, “covenanted” service and professional and personal “conscience”. The article covers what authors have written about “culture” and the ethics of “technology” devices and systems, including “cyber” warfare. It concludes with recognition of the increase in ethical sensitivity in this century which is characterized by a phenomenon, the crises of “identity”, personal, national and global.     

Population transfers in counter-insurgency: a recipe for success?

Since control over the population constitutes the most crucial determinant for victory in irregular warfare, how should a state authority isolate the insurgents (the “fish” in Maoist terms) from the population (the “sea” in which the “fish” thrive)? Should a state authority simply drain the “sea” by diverting its “water” elsewhere? Does the forcible transfer of the local people who support an insurgency truly work? This article studies how the royalist regime of Greece forcibly transferred thousands of villagers (over 10% of the total population) to counter the communist insurgency during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) and shows whether and how these deportations could be crowned with success.     

“Respect” as a personal attribute in the British Army

This article describes the results of research into the social phenomenon of “respect” as framed by junior members of the British Army, as part of a wider study into the Values and Standards of the British Army. This research was interview based, using qualitative analysis software to detect, manage, and draw conclusions from the qualitative data recorded in those interviews. The data indicated that the primary situation in which “respect” was visualised by the participants was the unit context, and that it comprised a combination of three different strands: respect for rank or “hierarchical respect,” “professional respect” for a person's military competence, and “personal respect” for an individual's character, personal behaviour, and attributes. The overall respect that an individual is given arises from the combination of these three areas. “Respect” as a concept was, in the soldiers’ characterisation, something that had to be earned (except for the “given” represented by rank) and was not stable: a person's fund of respect could go up or down in social value. Respect was also linked to trust: the more respect a person had, the more they could be trusted. Although the unit context was the primary one for discussing their framing of the concept of respect, many of the participants reported a wider dimension in which every human being deserves a basic level of respect simply for being human, and this level could not be forfeited.     

Life in the “Gray Zone”: observations for contemporary strategists

The term “Gray Zone” is gaining in popularity as a way of describing contemporary security challenges. This article describes the “short-of-war” strategies – the fait accompli, proxy warfare, and the exploitation of ambiguous deterrence situations, i.e. “salami tactics” – that are captured by the term and offers several explanations for why state and non-state actors are drawn to these strategies. The analysis highlights why defense postures based on deterrence are especially vulnerable to the short-of-war strategies that populate the “Gray Zone.” The article concludes by suggesting how defense officials might adapt defense policies to life in the “Gray Zone.”     

The Race that wasn't

ABSTRACT

Graham Farmelo's new book on the early British nuclear weapon program assembles a fascinating cast of characters in a gripping narrative. It particularly succeeds at illustrating the importance of “atomic energy” imagery in the United Kingdom well before the discovery of fission, and provides nuanced insights into Churchill's handling of issues relating to the atomic bomb and scientific expertise. However, in arguing that the British had a “lead” on the manufacture of atomic bombs that was “lost” to the United States during the early Manhattan Project, the book overstates its case, and in the process misunderstands what it took to make the bomb.     

“What is dear to you?” Survey of beliefs regarding protection of critical infrastructure against terrorism

Up to the present, there is only very little research on how the population perceives terrorism and its threats, even though support from the population is crucial for effective counterterrorism. By eliciting beliefs and subjecting them to content analyses, six factors were found that determine the protection worthiness of a target in the people's view: the potential damage to “people,” “symbolism,” “economy,” “politics,” “nature,” and “image/publicity.” These empirically found factors are in line with factors specified by terrorist target selection models. They differ in the strength of their cognitive representation among participants and, thus, their subjective importance to the people. The first three factors are shared among all participants, whereas the latter ones could only be found in a part of the participant sample. People's judgments of the targets' protection worthiness differ substantially from their judgments of the targets' attractiveness to terrorists, even though the same factors seem to be involved. This study offers an insight into the people's mental model about protection worthiness of targets. Together with classical risk analysis and knowledge about terrorists, these results can form a basis for setting up a holistic scheme for critical infrastructure protection.