炭英语教学的语用双

语用知识对学生理解和使用语言有着非常重要的作用。只有具备了一定的语用知识,学生才能准确地使用语言,才能真正学会一门语言。这就要求英语教师在讲解语言知识的同时一定要注重语用知识的传授。     

公示语的社交语用失误及翻译对策

随着中外交流的日益频繁,双语公示语的作用日益突出。只有语用语言和社交语用都正确的双语公示语才能实现其应有的功能。本文主要分析双语公示语社交语用失误的成因及表现,并探讨公示语的翻译技巧。     

语用意识增强式任务模式在语法教学中的应用

本文以澳大利亚英语语法课堂教学为例，介绍了“语用意识增强式任务模式”在外语语法教学中的应用。该模式强调以语言形式为基点，结合语用机制、语境知识和百科知识，通过语言理解与输出，提高学习者对语言形式的注意程度，增强语法的语用意识功能。这一模式为探讨外语语法教学有效途径提供启示。     

控制性学习条件下网络外语教学环境创建刍议

网络教学环境的创建及其在外语教学中的运用越来越成为外语界关注的焦点。在控制环境下建构多媒体网络教学环境的手段，充分调动学生的主动性和参与性，从而有助于提高学习者的语言水平及语用能力，加速其文化及社会知识的建构。     

英汉委婉语的语用心理

比较了英汉委婉语的异同 ;归类分析了人们使用英汉委婉语的不同语用心理。有助于语言学习者在恰当的语言环境下正确使用委婉语 ,避免交际失误。     

语用知识-合作原则产生的会话含义在语言交际中的作用

介绍了合作原则在语言交际中的作用 ,并主要分析了违反若干准则而产生的会话含义或言外之意在交际中的效果以及与语境的关系 .此外 ,合作原则不仅用于会话 ,也用于文学作品中 ,而且在外语教学中传授一些语用知识 ,对提高学生的理解能力和交际能力是有益处的 .     

谈高中对话课实施交际功能的策略

随着中国经济改革开放的深入,并已成为WTO中的一员,作为世界应用较广的语言英语愈发显得重要.时代要求这一代中学生将能把英语当作"普通话"来使用.那么如何实现这一目标,培养学生的交际能力,这是我们英语教师在课堂教学中应思考的问题,因为课堂教学是实现教学目标的主要途径.现在大多数高中英语教师在高中阶段只注重培养学生的阅读能力,注重解决课文中的知识点、语言点,甚至把对话课上成了朗读课、精读课,而忽略了对学生听说能力的培养.听说读写应是相辅相成的而不应该顾此失彼.如何就对话课型实施口笔头交际功能,有效地组织学生围绕所理解和吸收的口头及笔头知识和信息开展听说读写活动,提高学生的语用技能,提出以下几点设想.     

人文叙述与高校审美教育

高校是审美教育的重要场所。提高学生的审美修养,树立健康高尚的审美观,是高校美育教师不断努力的目标。美育教师应注重调动学生的积极性,用人文叙述的语言讲解美学知识,用教师自身对美的挚爱教学,才能达到良好的教学效果。     

学习国情知识在俄语教学中的重要作用

俄语教学中的国情知识即反映俄罗斯民族文化特点的有关内容。主要是在讲授语言基础知识的同时,向学生传授所学语言国家的国情知识,从而使学生加深对语言的理解,提高学生对所学语言的学习兴趣,使其更好地掌握和运     

英汉委婉语的语用共性与差异

委婉语（Euphemism）是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。英汉两种语言都有大量的委婉语，它们在使用领域、语用功能及特点方面具有颇多相同之处。但因为它们分别属于不同的语系，以不同文化背景和历史传统为生存基础，所以在其使用方面又有很大不同，折射出明显的文化痕迹，主要表现在宗教信仰、历史传统和社会价值观三个方面。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.