基于输入输出线性化的深海潜标姿态控制

针对当前深海潜标水下不能主动调整姿态的问题,提出了一种基于矢量推进螺旋桨的主动姿态控制方法.首先,利用凝集质量法建立潜标缆索在深海环境中的运动模型,解算张力及缆索构型;然后,联立潜标六自由度运动方程,耦合缆索两端的边界条件,采用四阶龙格-库塔法解算获得潜标的运动要素与姿态变化;最后,针对潜标运动的非线性数学模型,提出了一种基于输入输出线性化的状态反馈姿态控制律,并编制Matlab程序进行仿真.仿真结果表明:该控制律能够使潜标姿态跟踪到参考姿态.     

自适应时变滑模再入姿态控制设计

为了提高再入控制鲁棒性和适应性,结合高阶滑模观测器提出一种基于反馈线性化的时变滑模控制方法。首先,根据时变滑模面推导出控制律,引入了自适应算法获得控制律中的切换增益,消除了对系统不确定性上界已知这一条件的依赖;其次,利用高阶滑模观测器对姿态角导数信息进行观测,同时获得系统扰动估计值,消除了控制器对较难直接测量的姿态角导数信息的依赖。最后,通过数值算例验证了所提控制方法的有效性。     

浮球式惯导平台的自适应模糊滑模稳定控制

针对浮球式惯导平台的惯性空间稳定问题,提出了一种基于模糊逻辑的自适应滑模控制方案。该方法利用滑模控制器保证了系统的稳定性和快速性,解决了浮球式惯导平台参数不确定、未建模动态等未知干扰问题;然后,基于滑模控制器的设计问题,利用模糊逻辑和自适应控制律,调节滑模控制器的参数,估计并补偿系统的外界干扰及不确定性等干扰,增强系统对随机不确定性的适应能力,提高控制系统的鲁棒性和控制精度;最后,利用Laypunov方法证明了控制系统的稳定性与收敛性。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效减低滑模控制控制输入抖振问题,实现浮球式惯导平台的高精度惯性空间稳定,且稳定精度高于 。     

基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制律设计

针对具有严重非线性、多变量强耦合以及参数不确定性等特点的高超声速飞行器模型,提出基于动态逆的高超声速飞行器滑模控制方法,设计俯仰通道多输入多输出(MIMO)系统控制律。基于反馈线性化方法对高超声速飞行器非线性模型进行处理,对系统存在的不确定性和外界干扰,采用滑模变结构控制策略进行补偿。引入非线性干扰观测器,对系统干扰进行观测,降低滑模控制项的增益,继而削弱滑模控制带来的抖振。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制律能够实现对指令信号的良好跟踪,具有较快的响应速度,能够保证系统在不确定存在情况下的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

基于UIF-MPC仿真的UAV环航姿态控制研究

为解决无人机（unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV）在算法结构冗杂和未知外部干扰的环境下控制系统操作难度大的问题,提出一种基于UIF-MPC融合的自适应全局快速终端滑模控制方法。考虑到在环境复杂、时间敏感及通信受限条件下给出UAV姿态运动观测模型;提出一种多控制变量交互的UIF-MPC融合滤波姿态算法,利用滤波器和PID控制器对模型不确定性和未知干扰进行补偿;根据UAV性能及饱和控制条件设定姿态设定控制参数并设定目标位置估计均方根误差,带入UIF-MPC模型并与传统单UIF模型进行比较。结果表明UIF-MPC融合模型可以较好融合系统需求,且在运动过程中具有较好的估计精度及机动控制的鲁棒性。     

基于迭代学习观测器的卫星姿态滑模容错控制

为解决卫星上反作用飞轮存在安装偏差、故障及外部干扰情况下的姿态控制问题,提出了一种基于迭代学习观测器的姿态容错控制方法。该方法通过设计迭代学习观测器,以较小的计算量实现对执行机构发生的故障以及安装偏差进行精确的估计。并利用观测器的观测结果设计滑模控制器,使处于外部干扰条件下的卫星系统在执行机构发生故障的情况下可以快速稳定地完成姿态机动任务。进一步基于Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了迭代学习观测器及控制器的全局渐近稳定性。针对反作用飞轮存在不确定性及故障的情况下进行仿真,仿真结果表明,与同类容错控制方法相比,所提方法可以更加快速精确地对故障进行估计并完成姿态控制。     

临近空间驻留飞艇模糊变结构姿态控制方法

针对临近空间驻留飞艇姿态运动的非线性、耦合和不确定等特点,提出了一种模糊变结构解耦控制方法。首先,推导了定点模式下飞艇的姿态运动方程,通过选取状态向量和控制向量,将其描述为非线性系统。然后,采用反馈线性化方法将非线性姿态控制系统输入输出解耦为三个通道的线性子系统;利用滑模变结构控制对参数摄动的不变性设计了定点姿态控制系统,并应用Lyapunov理论证明了系统的全局稳定性;为提高控制性能,以变结构控制的滑模面及其变化率为模糊控制器的输入,以趋近律参数为模糊控制器的输出设计了模糊变结构控制器,通过模糊规则在线调整控制律参数。最后,对具有参数不确定的姿态控制系统进行了数值仿真,验证了控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于干扰观测器的高超飞行器反演多滑模控制

针对高超声速飞行器匹配/非匹配不确定性控制问题,建立了高超声速飞行器纵向运动三角标准型模型。引入非线性干扰观测器,结合反演控制解决非匹配不确定性控制问题的优势,设计了一种基于反演控制的飞行器多滑模控制器。该方法首先利用非线性干扰观测器的逼近特性对系统受到的干扰进行观测,在每一步反演设计中引入滑模控制设计反演多滑模控制器,从而实现系统对控制指令的输出跟踪。仿真结果表明该方法能够较准确地进行干扰观测,保证了系统的稳定性和鲁棒性,具有良好的控制性能。     

空间电磁对接鲁棒姿态控制

面向在轨服务的空间电磁对接技术具有广阔应用前景,但其姿态控制设计存在强非线性及耦合性问题需要解决,电磁/地磁力矩干扰姿态系统稳定。针对绝对/相对姿态动力学模型,分别采用反馈线性化以及鲁棒H∞控制综合方法、扩张状态观测器以及鲁棒H∞控制综合方法设计姿态控制系统。理论研究、对比分析两种控制策略特点,并通过仿真验证了所设计控制系统的可行性。理论研究及仿真结果表明:两种控制策略都是可行的,对模型参数变化及外界干扰具有较强鲁棒性;基于相对姿态动力学的综合控制设计方法能有效利用航天器相对姿态测量信息,且无需额外设计状态估计器。     

电驱动车辆反馈线性化自适应滑模滑移率控制

针对驱动和制动工况下电驱动汽车的滑移率控制这一强非线性和不确定性控制问题,提出了一种基于反馈线性化的自适应滑模控制(ASMC)方法。针对车辆驱动、制动工况下的车轮滑移率进行了动力学分析,建立了统一的状态方程。充分利用系统已知模型和参数,采用线性化反馈消除非线性变化的控制量增益系数的影响,通过对反馈项增益参数的自适应调整,适应附着路面不确定参数变化的控制要求,克服系统控制中存在的主要非线性和不确定性部分,对于系统难以建模描述部分,视为扰动,利用滑模控制抑制系统该部分的不确定性因素,同时保证系统响应的快速性,并对算法进行了Lyapunov稳定性分析。最后,以某型电动汽车为对象进行了仿真分析,结果表明采用ASMC控制系统动态响应快、精度高、抗扰能力强,对路面参数变化具有较强的鲁棒性,同时输出控制量抖振小。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.