基于多点空间直线拟合的调炮精度检测方法

针对火炮身管上标记两个点检测调炮精度受制于单个空间点坐标测量精度的问题,提出通过增加身管上标记点的冗余数量来提高调炮精度的检测方法。应用最小二乘原理对多个空间点进行直线拟合,并采用Monte Carlo方法对身管指向的测量精度进行分析。结果表明:标记4个点、5个点、6个点和7个点与标记2个点(传统方法)相比,其身管指向的测量精度分别提高了约6%、18%、19%和21%。该方法适用于对调炮精度检测要求较高的场合,综合考虑工作效率和测量精度这两个因素,推荐标记5个点测量身管指向。     

应用全站仪综合测量火炮偏离角及俯仰半径

提出一种应用全站仪进行火炮偏离角和俯仰半径的综合测量方法。应用最小二乘原理拟合出火炮俯仰半径,然后解算出火炮偏离角,并用Monte Carlo方法分析了测量结果的精度。结果表明:全站仪高低角和火炮仰角的测量精度均对火炮偏离角和俯仰半径的测量结果无明显影响;全站仪测距精度对火炮俯仰半径测量结果的影响较大;全站仪水平角测量精度对火炮偏离角测量结果的影响明显。该方法在现场操作时需要重点关注全站仪水平观测角和测距的检测精度。     

基于磁强计测量的滚转弹药姿态估计

为了实时获得滚转弹药的飞行姿态信息,提出了一种速率陀螺与磁强计组合的姿态测量方案。该方案采用磁强计获得大地磁场强度在弹体三轴的投影及其变化率,结合刚体转动运动模型,利用最优估计技术获得了滚转弹药姿态信息。与单点测量方法相比,最优估计方法综合了测量信息序列,不会出现反三角函数双值失控现象,并可获得更高精度。仿真表明:陀螺无漂移时,俯仰角、偏航角的解算精度小于0.1°;采用低成本陀螺含漂移时,姿态角的解算精度小于0.4°。     

基于方位-频率解算目标运动要素的航路选择

基于方位-频率解算目标运动要素解算方法可实现水下观测平台不机动解算目标运动要素,但接敌航路仍影响目标运动要素解算精度及平台隐蔽性。建立了方位-频率目标定位模型,通过仿真分析了不同初始目标舷角下,水下观测平台采用不同接敌航路情况下目标运动要素解算收敛速度和精度,并从保持水下观察平台隐蔽性的角度,探究了不同初始态势下应选择的航路。     

基于虚拟仪器的小口径身管内径测量系统设计

针对小孔径身管(尺寸)内径测量较为困难的特点,提出了一种基于虚拟仪器的小口径身管内径测量系统。该测量系统主控制器采用工业PC机,测量仪器为外置驱动,通过激光位移传感器分别测量仪器位置与身管内径,通过串口将数据传输至PC机。使用Lab VIEW编写上位机软件,实现了数据的自动采集、结果显示、报表生成及打印等功能。实验结果表明,设计的小口径身管测量系统是可行有效的,精度满足工程需求。     

基于全站仪最佳布站的调炮精度检测方法

针对目前缺少火炮调炮精度检测方法的现状,提出了一种基于全站仪最佳布站的调炮精度检测方法,建立了全站仪测量系统的数学模型,推导了调炮精度检测方法的解算公式,根据火炮调炮范围确定了调炮精度检测中的测量区域,得出全站仪测量系统对于整个测量区域的测量不确定度,结合某型火炮设计了画图法优化过程,得到全站仪测量系统的最佳测量布站位置。精度仿真试验表明,该方法可对调炮精度进行检测,使最佳布站测量系统的精度高于随机布站的精度。     

基于四阶龙格-库塔公式的火控系统瞄准角修正模型

目前我军装甲突击车辆火控系统的弹道解算模型采用了线性多项式拟合的方法,且应用弹道刚性原理忽略了炮目高低角对射击精度的影响,其射表没有编制大炮目高低角射击时瞄准角的修正量,导致在进行大炮目高低角射击时,首发命中率受到了一定的影响,客观上制约了其火力性能的发挥。对此,利用四阶龙格-库塔公式,建立了对含有炮目高低角的外弹道方程直接进行数值求解的数学模型,得到更为精确的瞄准角,并通过matlab编程计算出瞄准角偏差量,从根本上解决大射角射击时弹道刚性原理产生的误差。     

全战仪实现身管武器操瞄精度测试方法

操瞄精度是武器系统的一项重要战技指标,它将直接影响到火炮的射击精度,传统测试方法采用两台数字经纬仪,需要两人同时操作,介绍了一种用一台全战仪一个人完成身管武器操瞄精度检测的方法,其测量误差比被测量小一个数量级,可以满足测量精度要求。该方法切实可行,可用于身管武器的调炮精度测量。     

改进型卡尔曼算法解算小型弹箭姿态角研究

弹箭飞行姿态参数的准确获取是实现精确高效打击敌方的重要前提。其中最重要的关键环节是姿态角的算法解算,决定着最后的精确导航。卡尔曼滤波算法是组合导航中最常用的解算算法,然而仍不能满足精度要求。为了进一步提高解算精度,提出通过BP神经网络对误差建模,进而修正卡尔曼滤波增益矩阵系数的改进算法。实验证明,应用于高速旋转弹姿态角测试,改进后的卡尔曼算法较传统卡尔曼算法精度提高了3°左右。     

一种舰载机下滑道一致性指示数据产生方法

针对现有航母起降引导系统下滑道真值测量手段过于复杂的现状，提出一种简单的航母起降引导系统下滑道一致性指示数据产生方法，该方法基于着舰引导雷达测距精度、中线电视测角精度较高的特点，利用着舰引导雷达测距信息和中线电视测角信息进行目标位置解算。采取泰勒级数展开法对非线性方程组线性化，并以着舰引导雷达定位结果作为迭代始值，进行迭代运算求取目标位置。通过仿真实验验证该方法迭代次数较少且收敛，相比着舰引导雷达定位方法，具有更高的定位精度。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.