Compulsory Military Service and Future Earnings: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Using Israeli census data, and the random assignment of Arab males to military service, this study provides new evidence on the long-term effects of military service on the earnings of veterans. Among Druze men, we find an economically and statistically significant positive effect of 23% on their wages. The unskilled experience a slightly higher premium. The positive effects are large and intensify over time. Skill enhancement and usual human capital accumulation do not explain the positive effect of military service. Networking during service is proposed as a likely explanation.     

军人道德规范的内化研究

培养官兵良好的道德规范和行为习惯是部队思想政治建设的一项重要内容。应当客观认识当前军人道德规范的培育现状 ,分析官兵接受道德规范的一般规律 ,掌握道德规范内化的动力机制 ,实现灌输教育与实践锻炼的协调统一 ,以提高军人道德规范的内化效益。     

坚持“面向部队、面向战场”创新军事高科技培训发展

落实强军目标要求,培养＂能打仗,打胜仗＂的新型军事人才,是院校教育、部队训练和军事职业教育＂三位一体＂人才培养体系的根本任务。军事高科技培训作为军事人才培养的重要组成部分,贯穿于院校教育、部队训练和军事职业教育的全过程。文章以培训要坚持＂面向部队、面向战场＂为切入点,在分析现有培训与＂两个面向＂的差距基础上,对如何推进人才培养改革、创新军事高科技培训发展的方法途径进行了探讨。     

BOOK REVIEWS

This study examines how young people who have joined the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) on the two-year Military Skills Development System (MSDS) contract experience military service, and the effect this has on their ability to readapt to civilian life. The first part of the study examines the theoretical debates associated with military socialisation and reintegration into civilian life. Hereafter, the findings are presented in terms of the experiences of MSDS privates serving in the infantry, those that have left, and the perceptions of employment agencies in terms of the marketability of military skills. The conclusion is reached that MSDS members experience their two years in the SANDF as life-changing, that this affects their ability to reintegrate back into civilian society, and that the skills acquired during military training is of limited market value. The conclusion is reached that more needs to be done to assist these young military veterans to adapt to civilian life and to augment their military experience with more marketable skills to enable them to find gainful employment.     

基于DEA的信息化条件下部队军事训练评价

针对信息化条件下部队军事训练的特点,建立信息化条件下部队军事训练评价模型,较好地解决以往部队军事员事训练评价存在的片面性问题。运用DEA方法,确定了军事训练评价的输入和输出指标体系,建立了评价军事训练总体效率和纯技术效率的DEA模型,结合实例有针对性地提出了提高军事训练有效性的方法和措施。评价结果比较符合当前部队训练实际,证明了该模型的合理性,为军队信息化条件下军事训练评价提供一定参考。     

THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MILITARY BASE REALIGNMENTS AND CLOSURES IN GERMANY

We identify the causal effect of a reduction in military personnel on a number of socioeconomic indicators within the peripheries of military bases. The base realignments and closures in Germany are used as an exogenous source of variation that allows us to identify the effect of a demand shock on household income, output, unemployment, and tax revenue within a specified buffer zone around each base. The analysis covers 298 communities for the period 2003–2007. Consistent with evidence found elsewhere, we find that these base adjustments have only a marginal impact on the local community in which the bases are located.     

功能性军事体能训练与心理训练结合运用探索——以新兵体能训练为例

在军队改革的大环境下，军事训练从难从严向实战化聚焦将成为日常训练的常态，而体能训练就是其中最为基础和重要的训练。但是，现阶段的军事体能训练仍然存在着训练理论不系统、训练方法不科学、相关心理指导和心理训练缺乏等弱点，从而造成体能训练成绩提升缓慢、训练损伤居高不下的问题。本文运用功能性军事体能训练和心理训练相结合的方法，从新兵体能训练着手，对其进行身心干预，旨在增强心理适应能力、提高训练成绩、减少训练损伤，为提高部队实战化训练水平打下基础。     

军人坚毅品质训练内容及方法探析

坚毅品质是近十年来国外心理学领域的研究热点,它与个体成就显著正相关,能较好地预测军人在部队中的表现。影响坚毅品质形成的主要因素有体验、兴趣、认知与行为以及努力外化的习惯等。本文认为,积极探索"军(军事训练)心(心理训练)"相结合的军事训练模式,将坚毅品质心理训练有机融合于军事训练并贯穿于体能训练全程,同时注重坚毅品质心理训练与技、战术训练及完成重大军事任务相结合,并尝试在军事训练中增设坚毅品质心理训练专项,能够培养官兵勇敢、坚定、顽强等优良心理品质,在全面加强练兵备战的过程中锻造高素质专业化新型军事人才,从而更有效地提升军队战斗力,完成新时代党和人民赋予军队的使命任务。     

Civil—military relations in Africa: Navigating uncharted waters

“Perception is a second reality!”

This essay discusses the military as a part of wider society and the interactions between the two. It argues that civil—military relations are complex and not always harmonious. In its focus on Africa, the essay describes some differences in the development of African militaries and civil—military relations on the continent as compared with the West, but argues that the differences are merely a matter of degree. As civil—military relations on the continent have been strongly influenced by its colonial history, which caused fear and even dislike of the colonial military, it still impacts on these relations in the post-colonial era. After examining the relationship between the armed forces, democracy and politics in the politically turbulent African environment, it is concluded that a simplistic definition of civil—military relations is difficult to arrive at. The essay identifies the key principles of democratic civil—military relations and, although admitting that these principles are not always easy to adhere to, argues that as Africa develops civil—military relations, African militaries have moved and will move closer to observing these principles. To enhance this process it is essential for African militaries to include civic education programmes at all levels of education and training in order to gain a better understanding of and commitment to these principles.     

军事训练演习数据汇集与融合系统的设计与实现

实现海量军事训练演习数据的汇集与融合,是生成相应的作战效能数据的基础。结合军事训练基地数据的收集与运用现状,提出了一个基于Web服务的多源异构数据汇集与融合系统的解决方案：运用XML Schema技术实现了异构数据模式的标准化转换,完成了多源数据的汇集;以作战平台为中心,以作战效能的各项影响因素为维度,实现了相关数据的融合。设计了系统的功能与架构并加以实现。运行情况表明,系统能够满足功能需求,具备良好的数据整合与处理能力。     

智能时代的军事训练变革

随着智能技术的发展,人类已逐步迈入智能时代,而智能时代催生了军事训练变革。本文从智能技术影响军事训练典型领域的角度,分析了智能时代背景下,以大数据和人工智能为核心的智能技术,如何影响军事训练的理念、内容、方式及管理,并催生了这些领域的变革。研究表明,智能时代发展背景下,军事训练理念将更加先进,训练内容更加融合,训练方式更加有效,训练管理更加精准。     

装备技术人才军民融合定制化培训模式

本文依托军民融合国家战略基础，对比国内外发展现状，分析现行培训形式的不足之处，梳理军民融合式培训需求，将军民融合理念贯穿人才培训全过程。针对军事体制调整后的专业技师和工程师等专业技术骨干，形成一套培训要求“专业化”对接、培训师资“军学研”共建、培训内容“菜单式”定制、培训样式“多手段”并举以及培训效果“递进式”发挥的装备技术人才军民融合定制化培训模式，并且有针对性地提出军民融合基地化培训的建设框架，从培训管理、培训实施等方面提出方法，为部队拓宽专业技术人才培训通道，实现被动式培训向主动式培训转变，提高装备实战化保障能力提供借鉴和指导。     

A platform for initial testing of multiple camouflage patterns

The human visual system is still an important factor in military warfare; military personnel receive training on effective search strategies, and camouflage that can effectively conceal objects and personnel is a key component of a successful integrated survivability strategy. Previous methods of camouflage assessment have, amongst others, used psychophysics to generate distinctiveness metrics. However, the population from which the human observers are drawn is often not well defined, or necessarily appropriate. In this experiment we designed a new platform for testing multiple patterns based on a camouflaged object detection task, and investigate whether trained military observers perform better than civilians. We use a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, with participants searching images of woodland for a replica military helmet displaying Olive Green, Multi Terrain Pattern, US Marine Pattern or, as a conspicuous control, UN Peacekeeper Blue. Our data show that there is no difference in detection performance between the two observer groups but that there are clear differences in the effectiveness of the different helmet colour patterns in a temperate woodland environment. We conclude that when tasks involve very short stimulus presentation times, task-specific training has little effect on the success of target detection and thus this paradigm is particularly suitable for robust estimates of camouflage efficacy.     

军事代表人才的知识结构及培训体系研究

通过对军事代表教育训练工作存在问题及原因的深入分析,从军事代表“五项”基本工作任务入手,研究军事代表工作的性质、特点与规律,提出军事代表是一种专业或学科,应形成相应的专业理论体系的观点,并构建该理论体系的基本框架,就如何进行教育训练工作改革提出意见。     

贴近实战的外军军事训练

"仗怎么打,兵就怎么练,"这是军事训练的基本规律,也是战争对军事训练的基本要求。文章研究了各国军队以实战化为目标,进行作战仿真实验模拟,基地化、一体化军事训练及联合实兵演习,贴近作战任务、作战环境、作战对象的主要做法。显然,军事训练实践的全部意义和目的在于提高军队战斗力。     

从孙子“静以幽，正以治”谈军校学员领导力培养

坚强的领导力是确保军事行动成功的关键。军校学员领导力不同于普通意义上的领导力。孙子“静以幽,正以治”的论述,揭示了军校学员领导力培养的基本内容、基本标准和各内容之间的辩证关系,对军校学员领导力培养具有重要的启迪意义。军校必须将培养超常的心质作为学员领导力的基础,把提升思维的广度和深度作为学员领导力的保障,将培养强烈的感召力作为学员领导力的核心,将培养坚强的执行力作为学员领导力的支撑。     

人工智能赋能军事训练

随着大数据、物联网和5G的不断发展,海量数据的获取变得越来越容易,人工智能技术利用GPU的强大计算能力和深度学习网络对高维数据和非线性模型的拟合能力,迎来了飞跃式发展,深刻改变着人类生产、生活和学习方式,出现了语音识别、机器翻译、无人驾驶及智能机器人等场景,计算、数据与模型的不断发展也成为推动人工智能前进的主要动力。本文分析了人工智能技术的主要发展方向,包括自然语言处理、语音识别和图像识别分析等,结合当前人工智能的主要技术方向和典型应用,展望了人工智能在军事训练领域的广阔应用前景,同时,聚焦发展智能化军事训练亟需解决的关键问题,针对解决网络、数据、模型等面临的问题提出措施建议,指出应通过模拟仿真训练提高训练效率,基于训练数据科学评价训练效果。     

对构建武警部队军事训练现代化理念的探析

在建设现代化武警总体目标的指引下,军事训练现代化是武警部队现代化建设的重要基础,也是履行职责使命的重要保障。训练理念上的先进性和超前性可以引发军事训练行动上的创新性。因此,武警部队军事训练现代化必须解放思想,打破传统思维模式和保守思想的束缚,树立现代化军事训练理念,为军事训练现代化打牢理论根基。     

Military spending and growth: a small open economy stochastic growth model

The paper analyzes the effects of military spending on economic growth in a small open stochastic endogenous growth model involving the supply-side and demand-side effects produced by military spending. We show that a rise in the military spending affects economic growth through four channels, including the crowding-out effect, the spin-off effect, the resource mobilization effect, and the portfolio effect. The net effect which depends on these four channels is ambiguous. Hence, we demonstrate that there exists an optimal defense burden that maximizes the economic growth rate.     

关于小高炮射击偏差观测方法之我见

小高炮射击偏差观测的提前时间观测时机法与传统的等距法,两者的观测时机虽不同,精度也不同,但从原理上讲,都是一种近似方法,不能说哪个原理上有问题,哪个原理上无问题。从部队现装备看,在部队日常训练打靶中,前者的观测时机更易于把握,作为现装备的一种革新,有研究必要。