基于灰色加权马尔科夫的部队集成训练效果预测

针对GM(1,1)预测模型误差较大的问题,在GM(1,1)模型的基础上引入加权马尔科夫模型构建了部队集成训练效果预测模型。该模型以GM(1,1)模型存在的预测残差作为划分马尔科夫状态的依据,通过加权处理对预测结果进行修正。实例分析结果表明,该模型算法简单,易于实现,可以较大地提高部队训练效果预测精度,为部队开展科学有效的实战化训练提供了有力的数据支撑。     

基于改进GM(1,1)模型的装备故障预测

针对装备故障数据量小、传统灰色预测模型GM(1,1)的精度受背景值影响大的问题,提出了一种基于背景值优化的改进GM(1,1)装备故障预测方法。该方法基于背景值的几何意义,从背景值与发展系数之间数量关系的角度出发,通过最小二乘法对二次参数进行估计,还原得到原始参数估计值,并结合新陈代谢对模型进行改进。导弹装备的故障预测实例表明,改进GM(1,1)模型较传统模型有更高的预测精度。     

导弹遥测故障的GM-Verhulst-SCGM预测算法

遥测故障预测是保障导弹遥测系统可靠性的基础。根据导弹遥测故障的历史数据,结合GM(1,1)模型、Verhucst模型和SCGM(1,1)c模型构建了导弹遥测故障的GM-Verhulst-SCGM组合灰色预测模型,按照预测有效度算法取得组合预测模型的权重系数。选用导弹遥测故障的训练组实际值作为原始数据,分别利用各预测模型估算对比组导弹遥测故障数据。预测结果表明,相比单一预测模型,组合灰色预测模型具备更高的故障预测精度。在验证组合灰色预测模型可行性的基础上,进一步估算了同一型号导弹未来时序的遥测故障数据,为相关部门及时改善导弹遥测技术及避免导弹故障提供理论及方法借鉴。     

GM(1,1)和SVR的雷达电子部件状态趋势预测模型

为提高雷达电子部件状态趋势预测的精度,根据测试数据特点,提出了基于GM(1,1)与支持向量机回归(SVR)的组合预测模型。采用粒子群优化算法分别对GM(1,1)和SVR模型进行了改进,提高了单一模型的预测精度。在此基础上,结合GM(1,1)模型对趋向性数据的预测优势和SVR模型对数据波动的强适应性,达到了取长补短、相得益彰的效果。实验结果表明该组合模型不但具有更高的预测精度,而且对不同预测对象有更强的适应能力。     

基于层次分析法的军队油料消耗组合预测模型

在军队油料消耗预测中以直线趋势外推预测法、季节指数预测法和灰色预测法构成组合预测模型，以此为基础引入层次分析法来确定各自权重，按各项预测的重要程度求出组合预测结果。组合预测结果精度较高，并且通过对该组合预测模型中的判断矩阵灵活调整，从而可得到一组适合对应单位的油料消耗组合预测权系数，具有良好通用性，在部队中具有较好的推广价值。     

油料消耗神经网络组合预测模型

油料消耗单一预测模型精度不高,难以适应信息化条件下精确保障需要。以单一的神经网络预测模型、时间序列预测模型和灰色预测模型为组合预测的基础,利用神经网络求取3种预测模型的组合预测权重系数,将这3种单一预测模型的预测结果作为神经网络组合预测模型的输入,求得一个新的预测结果。平均相对误差和均方差比表明,神经网络组合预测模型比单一预测模型更为优越。     

装甲车辆行进间炮口振动角度误差预测模型

针对射击延时过程中具有振荡性的装甲车炮口振动角度误差数据,提出了一种优化的GM(1,1)预测模型。对原始数据进行光滑性和单调性处理;对传统GM(1,1)模型的初始值进行了基于拟合误差最小化的改进;基于传统模型中背景值构造方法存在的误差,重构了传统模型的背景值。通过对高低向、方位向两组数据处理结果的分析,优化GM(1,1)模型的拟合、预测结果相对于传统模型、改进初始值模型和改进背景值模型具有较小的误差,能够较好地反映装甲火炮炮口振动角度误差的变化情况。     

基于改进灰色GM(1,1)模型的武器系统费用预测

武器系统费用影响因素众多,各因素作用机理复杂,导致费用分布呈波动性和不稳定性。基于此,提出了一种改进的灰色GM(1,1)模型。该模型采用傅立叶级数和马尔科夫链方法,对不稳定武器费用系统的周期和随机现象进行建模,以提高预测精度。实例仿真结果表明:改进的灰色GM(1,1)模型可有效解决不稳定的武器费用预测问题,且具有良好的预测性能。     

改进非等间距GM(1,1)-BP模型的导弹退化状态预测

为提高导弹退化状态预测的精度,结合导弹测试数据不等时间间隔的特点,提出了一种基于改进非等间距GM(1,1)-BP模型的导弹退化状态预测方法。对传统非等间距GM(1,1)模型的背景值和初始条件进行优化,引入新陈代谢思想,在此基础上,构造灰色模型拟合值与实际值的差值序列,进而建立差值序列的BP神经网络预测模型,还原得到最终预测值,提高了预测精度。此设计方法结合了灰色模型对趋向性数据的预测优势和BP神经网络强大的非线性拟合能力,达到了取长补短、相得益彰的效果。通过导弹测试数据的预测实例,验证了方法的有效性和优越性。     

灰色预测GM(1,1)模型及其改进与应用

介绍了灰色预测的基本原理和常用GM(1,1)模型及其适用性判断方法,针对GM(1,1)模型中背景值的取法,提出了一种自动寻优定权的改进措施,通过实例对比分析,应用效果良好。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.