A novel method for determination of lethal radius for high-explosive artillery projectiles

A new model has been defined that enables the estimation of the lethal radius (radius of efficiency) of HE (High Explosive) artillery projectiles against human targets. The model is made of several modules: CAD (Computer Aided Design) modeling, fragment mass distribution estimation, fragment initial velocity prediction, fragment trajectory calculation, effective fragment density estimation, and high explosive projectile lethal radius estimation. The results were compared with the experimental results obtained based on tests in the arena used in our country, and the agreement of the results was good. This model can be used in any terminal-ballistics scenario for high explosive projectiles since it is general, para-metric, fast and relatively easy to implement.     

高精度分数时延滤波器设计的边界拟合Remez算法

在卫星星间测距模拟信号仿真及实际测试中,为提高测距模拟信号精度和系统可用带宽,提出基于边界拟合Remez算法的高精度分数时延滤波器的设计算法。该算法利用Farrow结构的多项式近似思想,采用多项式拟合Remez算法设计滤波器的冲激响应边界系数,通过多相分解实现分数时延滤波器组。该算法改善了当设计的滤波器阶数较高时冲激响应边界的不连续现象,进而降低了群时延误差,提高了精度。仿真结果表明,该算法设计的滤波器的分数时延精度得到了提高,同时系统可用带宽提高近一倍,实现时需使用的乘法器数目也有明显降低。     

快速设计月球卫星转移轨道的一种代数法

提出了一种将圆锥曲线拼接法与历表相结合 ,快速设计月球卫星地月转移轨道的方法。此方法是一种无需轨道积分的纯代数计算方法 ,具有速度快、精度高的特点 ,可用于月球卫星转移轨道的初步设计。将初步设计获得的参数作为精确设计的初值 ,能大大缩短精确轨道设计参数的时间。     

始终处于大气层内飞行的TBM被动段弹道预测

对大气层内飞行的TBM弹道进行预测时,需要根据不同的应用要求,在求解精度允许范围内用近似方法对六自由度运动进行简化,获得简便实用的弹道预测方法。在假设获得TBM被动段弹道初始位置和速度参数的基础上,首先构建简便实用的处于大气层内飞行的TBM被动段抛物线弹道模型;然后将雷达测得的TBM被动段弹道初始位置和速度参数作为初始条件,对弹道方程采用精度较高的龙格-库塔法进行求解,相应得出被动段弹道上各点及落点的位置和速度参数,进一步确定出落点位置的地理位置经纬度。在某地空攻防对抗仿真项目中应用表明,弹道模型及其求解方法可应用于实战或较为逼真的仿真系统中。     

Numerical study on the case effect of a bomb air explosion

When considering the bomb explosion damage effect, the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats. In experiments, the air shock wave was studied by the bare ex-plosives superseding the real cased bomb; in contrast, the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk. The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted. The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb: the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed, and the peak value of shock wave was reduced. Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy, respectively. The increasing factors of the peak over-pressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43-3.04 and 1.37-1.57, respectively. Four typical stages of case breakage were defined. The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution. The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.     

圆柱形装药驱动轴向预制破片飞散特性

为了增强柱形战斗部轴向威力,在无壳柱形战斗部底面布置单层离散的预制破片。开展圆柱形TNT装药驱动轴向预制破片飞散试验,获得预制破片的最大初速、飞散角等特征参数;运用LS-DYNA软件对装药驱动预制破片过程进行数值模拟,阐述预制破片群飞散过程;对装药驱动整体平板理论计算公式进行改进,获得预制破片的最大初速。结果表明:破片初速理论计算结果、数值计算结果和试验结果吻合良好;随着与装药底部中心距离的加大,破片初速、径向飞散角分别近似呈“抛物线”减小、增大;试验实测、理论计算得到的破片最大初速值超过2500 m/s,试验实测的径向飞散角最大约为22°,而周向飞散角则普遍较小,均值在5°以内。     

双原子分子气体的定常隐式全流域多尺度算法

巨大的计算资源需求极大地阻碍了统一气体动理学格式的应用。采用宏观预估技术,基于Boltzmann-Rykov模型方程发展全流域适用的保守恒定常隐式算法,协同求解宏观方程和微观方程以加速收敛。在单元界面,通过模型方程特征差分解构造简单高效的多尺度数值通量,并结合非均匀非结构速度空间和速度空间自适应技术进一步降低计算需求、提升计算效率。超声速和高超声速平板绕流和圆球绕流的数值结果验证了算法的准确性与高效性。结果表明,算法能够准确求解二维和三维双原子气体多尺度流动问题,且相比于显式离散统一气体动理学格式可加速一个量级。     

基于BWRS方程的压缩空气压缩因子计算

使用压缩空气作为介质进行流体计算时,为保证计算精度须考虑压缩因子的影响。为了精确得到压缩空气的压缩因子,对压缩因子的计算方法进行了研究。将空气简化为氮气与氧气的混合气体,通过3个真实气体状态方程计算压缩因子,并与已有数据进行比较,验证了将空气模型简化,再计算其压缩因子的方法是可行的。BWRS方程计算出的压缩因子精度较高,但在不同压力下的计算误差有较大差距。为进一步提高计算精度,考虑了偏心因子的影响,通过计算分析、经验修正,得到了精度较高的压缩因子计算算法,并进行了试验验证。结果表明：不同压力下改变偏心因子的数值对计算结果有不同程度的影响;改进后的BWRS方程计算精度得到了提高,从而验证了BWRS方程改进算法计算压缩因子的有效性和可行性。     

原始变量守恒形式控制方程的时间准确性分析

基于压力、速度和温度的原始变量为自变量的守恒形式的控制方程可应用于定常流动问题，但是在求解非定常问题，例如某一典型激波管问题时，激波后温度出现过冲现象，即使通过细化网格、提高空间格式精度或者换用其他通量格式仍不能消除，这表明误差可能来自该方法本身。采用一维Euler方程对该方法进行数值分析。分析结果表明，数值误差来自时间项。通过构造相应的双时间步方程，虚拟时间项采用原始变量，而物理时间项采用守恒变量，并在两个相邻物理时间步内作为定常问题求解，可以收敛到相应的守恒形式，消除上述误差，得到准确的非定常数值解。     

基于局部敏感哈希算法和神经网络学习的跨媒体检索方法

为了提高跨媒体检索的效率,可行的方法是降低数据集中不相关内容的比例。采用局部敏感哈希算法将图像数据映射到汉明空间并利用神经网络学习将文本数据映射到汉明空间的哈希函数,提出一种可以显著提高数据集中相关文件比例的高效跨媒体检索方法。实验结果表明,提出的方法能够有效去除数据集中的不相关内容,相对于已有的跨媒体检索方法,其有效提高了检索效率与准确率。     

基于极坐标的稳定UKF单站无源目标跟踪算法研究

单站无源目标跟踪系统中存在着可观测性弱、初始误差大的问题,目标跟踪算法的稳定性和快速收敛性显得尤为重要.结合利用空频域信息的单站无源目标跟踪系统的特点,提出了一种稳定的改进UKF算法,采用一组新的状态变量替代了原有状态变量,选取径向速度作为系统状态量,并将其初始估计误差控制在一定范围内,明显改善了目标跟踪算法的稳定性和收敛性.增加二次采样过程,取代了传统UKF算法的状态变量扩展,降低了算法的计算量,实现更容易.与现有的单站元源目标跟踪算法(如EKF、UKF)相比,算法具有稳定性好、收敛速度快、跟踪误差小的特点,是一种稳定的单站无源目标跟踪算法.数值仿真结果表明了算法的正确性和有效性.     

Scheduling a production–distribution system to optimize the tradeoff between delivery tardiness and distribution cost

We consider a make‐to‐order production–distribution system with one supplier and one or more customers. A set of orders with due dates needs to be processed by the supplier and delivered to the customers upon completion. The supplier can process one order at a time without preemption. Each customer is at a distinct location and only orders from the same customer can be batched together for delivery. Each delivery shipment has a capacity limit and incurs a distribution cost. The problem is to find a joint schedule of order processing at the supplier and order delivery from the supplier to the customers that optimizes an objective function involving the maximum delivery tardiness and the total distribution cost. We first study the solvability of various cases of the problem by either providing an efficient algorithm or proving the intractability of the problem. We then develop a fast heuristic for the general problem. We show that the heuristic is asymptotically optimal as the number of orders goes to infinity. We also evaluate the performance of the heuristic computationally by using lower bounds obtained by a column generation approach. Our results indicate that the heuristic is capable of generating near optimal solutions quickly. Finally, we study the value of production–distribution integration by comparing our integrated approach with two sequential approaches where scheduling decisions for order processing are made first, followed by order delivery decisions, with no or only partial integration of the two decisions. We show that in many cases, the integrated approach performs significantly better than the sequential approaches. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005     

Field test and probabilistic analysis of irregular steel debris casualty risks from a person-borne improvised explosive device

Person-borne improvised explosive devices (PBIEDs) are often used in terrorist attacks in Western countries. This study aims to predict the trajectories of PBIED fragments and the subsequent safety risks for people exposed to this hazard. An explosive field test with a typical PBIED composed of a plastic explosive charge and steel nut enhancements was performed to record initial fragment behaviour, including positions, velocity, and trajectory angles. These data were used to predict the full trajectory of PBIED fragments using a probabilistic analysis. In the probabilistic analyses a probability of fatality or serious injury was computed. Based on the results presented, many practical conclusions can be drawn, for instance, regarding safe evacuation distances if a person were exposed to a suspected PBIED.     

The crisis of American military assistance: strategic dithering and Fabergé Egg armies

ABSTRACT

The United States has provided substantial amounts of military assistance and aid since the end of World War Two. During the Cold War, it proved vital in protecting numerous regimes from communist takeovers. Successful outcomes occurred when American leaders made large initial aid commitments, and the states had the capacity and political willpower to use it effectively. However, Vietnam was an example of how U.S. support lagged, as leaders in Saigon preferred political survival instead of creating regime legitimacy. Following 9/11, American security aid focused on making weak countries develop stronger security forces. Unfortunately, this created Fabergé egg militaries: expensive and easily broken by insurgents. This article suggests long-term strategic commitments need to be made alongside more resources for the American State Department and similar organizations to focus on the politics of state-building. Finally, this article suggests strategies, such as “whole-of-government” approaches, to improve long-term security and political institution building.     

Effect of the end cap on the fragment velocity distribution of a cylindrical cased charge

The prediction of the fragment velocity distribution of a cylindrical cased charge with end caps is one of the key issues to assess the damage efficiency of the warhead. However, limited work has been con-ducted to predict the fragment velocity distributions along the axis of cylindrical cased charges with end caps. This paper presents a study of the velocity distribution of fragments caused by the explosion of a cylindrical cased charge with end caps. The fragment velocity distribution and the end cap velocity were determined by an X-ray radiography method, and the axial fragment distribution was determined by witness plates. It was found that the velocities of fragments, especially near the edge, were increased when the end caps were added, and the position of maximum velocity is closer to the non-detonation end. The fragment velocities were increased, and the fragment projection range was decreased with the increase of the thickness of the end cap. A formula for fragment velocity distributions of a cylindrical cased charge with end caps, which is based on Huang's formula, was proposed by the theoretical analysis and data fitting and validated experimentally. The results indicate that the proposed formula is accurate in predicting the fragment velocity distribution along the axis of a cylindrical cased charge with end caps detonated at one end.     

钨合金(碳化钨)柱形预制破片战斗部对均质钢甲的毁伤效能分析

针对现代战争的需要,特别是对战场轻型装甲的攻击需要,基于预制破片技术,以柱形杆(钨合金)预制破片为对象建立物理模型,对其破片尺寸、装药形式及尺寸的相互关系进行分析,进而通过引入TBM战斗部设计的关系式对所建模型的破片进行速度预报,依照该速度按照侵彻理论推算其对均质钢甲的毁伤效能。结合分析结果指出了柱形杆(钨合金)预制破片战斗部在攻击均制钢甲方面的优点。     

高速破片撞击充液容器形成液压水锤的试验研究

为研究高速破片撞击充液容器形成的液压水锤效应，设计一套试验装置和测试方法，试验破片撞击充液容器产生空腔的变化过程、液体中不同位置处的压力变化以及前后面板的变形情况。试验发现：破片撞击容器后面板时会出现一圈空化气泡，气泡在后面板内表面从撞击点位置迅速沿径向扩展；液压水锤初始冲击阶段，距离撞击点较近区域在初始冲击波压力脉冲过后会出现一个较大负压，而距离撞击点较远区域不受负压影响；破片撞击速度对容器前面板最大变形影响较小，变形范围随着撞击速度的增大沿撞击点向四周扩展。后面板的最大变形及变形范围都随着破片撞击速度的增大而变大。     

高精度空间非合作式相对轨道状态预报

为了解决接近空间非合作目标过程中的相对导航问题,提出一种基于相对轨道动力学方程和二阶龙格库塔积分公式的高精度空间非合作目标相对轨道预报模型。考虑地球J2摄动加速度,将目标轨道方程在参考轨道附近展开,保留至引力加速度差的二阶展开项,并进一步推导考虑J2摄动的参考轨道角速度和角加速度,建立相对轨道动力学微分方程;在给定相对轨道初值的情况下,采用二阶龙格库塔积分公式进行相对轨道预报。该模型采用数值积分方法,对相对轨道动力学模型形式没有限制,通用性好,适用范围广;选择低阶龙格库塔公式积分预报,既减少了计算量又保证了计算精度。设置高轨和低轨两种相对运动仿真场景,仿真结果表明了模型的通用性和精确性。     

基于Kullback-Leibler距离离散度的加权代理模型

复杂系统的仿真通常具有高维度、高计算量等特点，代理模型因其明晰的数学表达和良好的计算特性可用于逼近真实系统。加权模型对比单个代理模型来说，其稳定性和适应性更广。不同的代理模型其性能不一，根据特定指标，可以构造最优加权代理模型。基于代理模型预测分布以及Kullback-Leibler距离构造各子代理模型之间的离散度，并提出一种新的权函数构造方法。算例表明，该方法与最优子模型的精度相当，同时能提高对真实响应分布的逼近。