纯方位目标跟踪和攻击的己艇机动策略

纯方位目标跟踪效果同己艇的机动有关。本文按照极大化跟踪系统的可观测程度的准则对己艇机动进行了优化,得出了有利于跟踪的优化机动策略。在此基础上,进一步考虑了对目标进行攻击的攻击机动的要求,使得最后给出的机动模式不仅有利于快速获得目标运动参数,而且使己艇能占领到较好的攻击阵位。此外,本文推荐的机动策略都是按相给出的,因此具有很好的实用性。     

非线性可观测性及辅助变量法在纯方位目标跟踪中的应用

本文从非线性系统的可观性出发,研究纯方位目标跟踪系统的可观测性和滤波算法。给出了纯方位系统适应于一般目标运动假定的更完善的可观测性判据,并指出了该系统的不可观测本质。在对一般非线性观测过程的可观测性分离的概念和可行性定理建立之后,本文结合辅助变量法,给出了纯方位目标跟踪的一种算法——可观测性分离的辅助变量法。Monte—Carlo仿真表明,它优于以往直角坐标系中的各种纯方位跟踪算法,而且是渐近无偏的。     

纯方位目标跟踪系统的可观测程度

首先建立了纯方位目标跟踪系统的动态模型和一个最小二乘估计器,分析了该系统的完全可观测性。在系统完全可观测的条件下,引入可观测程度这一概念。文中定义了两种描述系统可观测程度的方法。它们都很好地反映了系统可观测程度随跟踪时间的变化过程。研究发现,纯方位目标跟踪系统往往是弱可观测系统,这正是系统跟踪效果不佳的原因所在。然而,文中表明的系统可观测程度同跟踪几何态势关系密切这一事实,又使得从己艇机动入手解决跟踪效果差的问题成为可能,就是通过极大化系统的可观测程度优化己艇的机动策略。     

一种纯方位跟踪中的自适应滤波算法

针对纯方位被动目标跟踪中扩展卡尔曼滤波算法易发散的不足,提出了一种自适应的改进算法。该算法利用极大后验噪声估计器Sage-Husa对虚拟观测噪声进行实时在线估计,动态补偿线性化带来的误差。算法的对比仿真分析结果表明,AEKF较之EKF滤波效果有所改善,增强了稳定性,提高了精度,为水下纯方位被动目标跟踪的实现提供一种新的方法。     

基于分布式信息融合的多舰纯方位跟踪

提出一种基于信息融合的分布式多舰纯方位跟踪算法 ,该算法采用时变采样间隔的修正增益推广卡尔曼滤波器 ,用多条舰艇的舰载电子侦察设备对海上多个运动辐射源目标进行分布式纯方位跟踪融合。计算机模拟结果表明 ,该算法能满足工程应用的要求     

用不确定逼真度声传播模型的纯方位目标运动分析

当典型的纯方位目标运动分析(TMA)问题的方位量测用所接收的信噪比(SNR)量测增广时,就产生增广的纯方位目标运动分析。假定给定组合声传播和传感器(CAPS)性能预测模型,它确定SNR量测的条件密度;而CAPS模型和现实之间可能存在着不合谐。本文用实验极大后验(EMAP)法对目标参数估计提出增广纯方位目标运动分析问题的新的“缺漏数据”的公式表述,并证明其提供了一种自然而简单明了的方法以减缓CAPS模型的失谐。EMAP方法导致对解增广纯方位目标运动分析问题和经典(非增广)纯方位目标运动分析问题的迭代再加权线性最小二乘算法。     

基于自适应正交单纯形CKF的鲁棒目标跟踪方法

为减小模型异常对目标跟踪系统性能的影响,提出了一种自适应正交单纯形容积卡尔曼滤波(AOSCKF)算法.将正交单纯形准则引入容积卡尔曼滤波中,提高滤波估计精度和计算稳定性;将强跟踪滤波(STF)中的自适应因子引入正交单纯形容积卡尔曼滤波(OSCKF)算法中,降低系统模型异常对目标跟踪的影响;将所提算法应用到双站纯方位目标跟踪系统中进行仿真实验.结果表明,AOSCKF算法可有效提升算法的鲁棒性和滤波精度.     

快速Marginalized粒子滤波器在纯方位跟踪中的应用

为提高纯方位跟踪性能,降低粒子滤波方法的运算量,在原有Marginalized粒子滤波器(MPF)的基础上,对线性部分处理方法进行简化,提出了快速Marginalized粒子滤波器(FMPF),并结合纯方位跟踪模型,推导了FMPF应用的具体算法步骤,使用机动目标纯方位跟踪仿真实例,与其他滤波器进行了仿真对比,分析了跟踪性能和计算量.仿真结果表明,与标准粒子滤波器相比,FMPF可以提高线性部分的计算精度,同时减少MPF所需的计算量.     

基于方位线性预测的远距离目标机动检测方法

随着拖曳线列阵声纳的应用,水下声探测的范围成倍增大,纯方位目标定位与跟踪技术面临严峻的挑战,特别是在对抗条件下的目标机动检测与跟踪问题难度更大。本文针对基于拖曳线列阵声纳探测的远距离目标机动检测问题,通过对以往纯方位目标机动检测方法的适用性分析,结合远距离目标方位变化的特点,提出了基于方位序列线性预测的累积和机动检测模型,解决了远距离、大误差、纯方位量测条件下的目标机动检测问题。实验室仿真验证结果表明,算法对幅度稍大的目标转向机动,具有较灵敏的机动检测效果及较强的鲁棒性。     

基于IMM滤波器的纯方位机动目标跟踪

针对无源纯方位跟踪中目标机动的问题,提出了一种基于交互式多模型的目标跟踪算法。该算法用伪量测变换估计器(PLE)将纯方位跟踪中非线性观测模型线性化,避免了计算雅克比行列式。机动目标跟踪中通过实时调整模型匹配概率,提高了滤波器对状态变化的跟踪能力。同时该算法实时修正观测噪声协方差,消除目标远离基阵时观测噪声对目标定位的影响。最后通过与MGEKF进行比较,Monte Carlo仿真结果验证了该算法的优越性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.