基于多雷达组网IMM-GMPHDF的机动多目标检测跟踪

高斯混合概率假设密度滤波(GMPHDF)有牢固的理论基础,是解决高斯条件下跟踪强杂波环境中目标数未知的多目标问题的有效方法。但当目标发生机动时,就难以跟踪到目标,因此,在GMPHDF中引入交互多模型(IMM)算法,对继续存在目标的运动模型进行建模,根据计算的模型概率融合各模型滤波器估计得到的继续存在目标概率假设密度,解决了运动模型机动问题。仿真实验表明,IMM-GMPHDF能实时跟踪到强机动超音速多目标,在多雷达组网系统中跟踪强机动超音速多目标精度(OSPA距离均方根误差)能达到70 m,满足了工程使用要求。     

多机动目标跟踪的BFG-GMPHD算法

针对高斯混合概率假设密度(GMPHD)滤波算法中的机动目标跟踪问题,提出BFG-GMPHD算法,扩展了GMPHD滤波算法的适用范围。算法利用最佳拟合高斯(BFG)分布来近似目标动态模型中的状态转移矩阵和过程噪声的协方差矩阵,实现了滤波器与不同动态模型的匹配;在对BFG分布进行递推时,引入了模型概率更新过程,解决了BFG仅依赖于先验信息的问题;并利用UKF算法对GMPHD的高斯分量进行递推,使得算法能处理量测方程为非线性的情况。仿真实验表明,BFG-GMPHD算法能快速匹配目标模型的变化,实现对多机动目标的有效跟踪,准确估计出目标的数目和状态。     

一种改进的当前统计模型自适应跟踪算法

针对"当前"统计模型算法跟踪弱机动目标时存在较大跟踪误差,同时对机动加速度极限值存在依赖的缺陷,在分析传统"当前"统计模型适用范围的基础上,提出一种改进的"当前"统计模型自适应跟踪算法。算法首先通过泰勒级数展开和忽略高阶项的方法得到模型加速度极值和均值的修正结果,使算法能更好地描述强机动和弱机动2种情况下目标的机动特征。之后,通过引入强跟踪滤波器,进一步增强模型对目标突发机动的自适应跟踪能力。最后,针对具有周期性运动特征的跳跃巡航目标,与IMM,CS算法仿真比对,验证了算法的可行性和合理性。     

用于机动目标跟踪的自适应交互式多模型算法

针对当前统计模型对弱机动或非机动目标跟踪效果不理想等问题,提出了一种修正当前统计模型与匀速模型的自适应交互式多模型算法,可在线修正当前统计模型的加速度极限值,调整过程噪声方差,提高了当前统计模型的自适应性。同时,通过在常规匀速模型中引入机动检测机制,抑制了常规匀速模型对机动目标跟踪的滤波发散,通过引入强跟踪算法,增强了模型对目标突发机动的自适应跟踪能力。仿真结果表明,该算法充分发挥了当前统计模型和交互式多模型算法的优势,对强机动和弱机动目标都具有很好的效果。     

基于IMM-UKF的网络化作战目标跟踪算法

针对网络化作战中单探测节点对机动目标的运动模型不确定性导致滤波精度低,为提高目标跟踪的稳定性和精确性,提出了多节点探测跟踪算法。基于网络体系中信息的共享需求,建立网络探测节点的目标跟踪模型;通过网络探测节点目标跟踪需求和实战要求发现目标经常有多种运动状态并存现象,而单一模型的滤波器不能满足对机动目标跟踪性能的要求。因此,探测节点采用了基于交互式多模型(IMM)的无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法进行状态估计,融合中心将各节点发送的目标状态估计融合后进行状态估计,有效地降低了目标机动造成的模型误差,提高了跟踪性能。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法提高了网络节点对机动目标的跟踪精度,并且收敛速度快,有较强的鲁棒性和实用性。     

基于改进Jerk模型的跳跃滑翔目标跟踪

针对雷达对跳跃滑翔目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进Jerk模型的无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)跟踪算法。该方法针对常规Jerk算法需要人为预先设定加加速度方差和“急动”频率而引入的估计误差,通过当前位置估计值和当前位置一步预测值进行加加速度方差自适应计算,并将“急动”频率与加加速度方差相关联,在目标运动状态估计的同时实现了模型参数自适应调整。同时,将改进Jerk模型与UKF算法相结合,给出了整体算法流程,并进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,与常规Jerk模型算法相比,本文提出的方法实现了模型参数的自适应调整,在跟踪过程中更能适应目标的机动特性。     

基于UKF-SOFNN的近距机动目标跟踪滤波算法

对于多目标杂波环境中的机动目标跟踪,由于目标集群中各个目标间的空间距离可能小于探测器的空间分辨率,因而可能出现误跟、诱饵欺骗与杂波虚警等一系列严重后果。对此,提出一种综合运用UKF(不敏卡尔曼滤波)和SOFNN(自组织模糊神经网络)的UKF-SOFNN滤波跟踪算法,将机动目标模型视作严格的非线性系统,利用UKF-SOFNN对非线性参数的辨识能力提高对锁定机动目标的跟踪能力。仿真实例表明,该算法能有效地辨识目标群中的目标,并进行可靠的跟踪。     

改进的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波的机动目标跟踪北大核心

机动目标的跟踪在实际中有着广泛的应用,其核心问题是机动建模和滤波算法。采用当前统计模型和容积卡尔曼滤波对机动目标进行跟踪。针对容积卡尔曼滤波在目标突发机动时跟踪性能较差的问题,借鉴强跟踪滤波思想,将渐消因子引入滤波过程,提出了一种改进的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波算法,该算法实现简单,估计精度高,鲁棒性强。仿真结果表明,该算法有效增强了系统对目标突发机动的自适应跟踪能力,并保持了对弱机动和非机动目标良好的跟踪性能,且运算速度较快。     

基于UKF的自适应网格交互式多模型算法

针对非线性观测条件下的机动目标跟踪问题,基于机动目标的协同转弯（CT）模型,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）方法和自适应网格（AG）的模型集自适应策略,研究了一种变结构交互式多模型算法,即：基于UKF的自适应网格交互式多模型（UKF-AGIMM）算法。对二维机动目标跟踪的仿真结果表明,本算法与相应的固定结构交互式多模型算法相比,可以解决固定结构多模型算法存在的问题,有效提高多模型算法的精度和费效比,缩短计算时间,且适合工程应用     

改进的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波的机动目标跟踪

机动目标的跟踪在实际中有着广泛的应用,其核心问题是机动建模和滤波算法。采用当前统计模型和容积卡尔曼滤波对机动目标进行跟踪。针对容积卡尔曼滤波在目标突发机动时跟踪性能较差的问题,借鉴强跟踪滤波思想,将渐消因子引入滤波过程,提出了一种改进的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波算法,该算法实现简单,估计精度高,鲁棒性强。仿真结果表明,该算法有效增强了系统对目标突发机动的自适应跟踪能力,并保持了对弱机动和非机动目标良好的跟踪性能,且运算速度较快。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.