Henry Nock,Walter Dick and Charles Lennox,The Duke of Richmond,and the Journey to the Final Designs of the Nock screwless lock

This paper introduces the Duke of Richmond’s Muskets and their precursors as made by Henry Nock and others. It particularly explores the development pathway for Nock’s Screwless locks by examining the production variants, the known prototype and experimental versions and in particular the prototype breech loading muskets. There are now known to be three breech loading prototypes, two very similar guns with locks marked by Henry Nock and a similar gun that appears by comparison to locks known to be by Walter Dick to have a lock made by Dick. This examination indicates that Nock was likely to have been instructed to make the production lock smaller than the prototype and that a key design step that enabled this was the use of a small double-ended mainspring linked to the cock and actuating the steel (frizzen) via a lever as developed by Dick.     

Research on Effect of Adding Nanomaterial to Propellant on Gun Barrel

The barrel lifes of three small caliber rifles were tested by using the propellant with nanomaterial and the standard propellant respectively. The test results show that the service life increases observably due to adding nanomaterial to the propellant. Then, the influence of the nanomaterial on the tube was researched by splitting the two barrels tested and detecting their inner surfaces. It was found that the erosion of the barrel bore is reduced observably by using the propellant with nanomaterial. And it makes the volume and the size of the gun chamber change less. Therefore, the barrel life can be prolonged by adding the nanomaterial in the propellant.     

某加农炮身管内膛烧蚀磨损对内弹道性能的影响

通过对某加农炮的身管烧蚀磨损特征数据进行分析整理,确定了身管烧蚀磨损特征面,采用了多特征面来表述火炮内弹道性能变化。将该研究方法具体用于某加农炮身管特性的研究,建立了该加农炮的内弹道性能与其身管内膛烧蚀磨损特征量之间的关系模型。     

Numerical investigation of dynamic interaction with projectile and harmonic behaviour for T-finned machine gun barrels

Machine gun barrels differ from their rifle counterparts in terms of profile. To support high rates of sustained fire, machine gun barrels are made thicker in order to dissipate more heat and maintain their flexural rigidity and thus accuracy, but on other hand they also contribute in weight addition to weapon. This investigation deals with comparison between a conventional machine gun barrel and an improved innovative design having T-fins, both having same weight and chambered in 5.56 × 45 NATO ammunition, to compare their structural and harmonic characteristics which were parameterized by factors such as modal spectrum, directional deformation at muzzle ends during a single shot fire and harmonic behaviour at corresponding range of exciting frequencies. The solid models of both the barrels having same weight, were created using Solidworks. The continuous input data functions were generated by MATLAB using the field tested discreet data points. The generated velocity-distance functions were converted into time dependent functions using integration algorithms to calculate transient parameters such as time steps, excitation frequency range, angle of rotation of projectile and its angular velocity. The dynamic condition simulated the varying nature of forces due to eccentricity in projectile and this data was fed to a time step study using ANSYS transient structural work bench followed by modal and harmonic analysis. The results showed a significant reduction in muzzle end deformation which thus proved that the T-finned barrel, although had same weight as that of the conventional one, but had better structural and harmonic characteristics, and hence it would inherit better firing accuracy.     

考虑自重挠度的火炮试验装置身管稳定性校核研究

针对炮口强冲击条件下身管可能出现失稳的问题,将某型火炮试验装置身管近似为一端固定、一端铰支的九阶梯变截面构件．基于有限元软件平台,提取身管各截面在重力作用下的挠度,建立具有初始挠度的身管有限元模型,并验证其在冲击条件下的稳定性．该研究结论为炮口冲击式火炮试验装置的可行性论证提供了科学依据．     

Research on Prediction Model for Erosion and Abrasion of Barrel Based on LSSVM

To predict the erosion and abrasion of high bore pressure tank gun barrel, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used. Based on the gun firing test data, the prediction model for barrel's erosion and abrasion was established. It was adopted to predict the wear increment of gun barrel. The results show that the prediction values given by the model coincide with the measured data better, and the model can predict the barrel's wear accurately and rapidly.     

What-If at Waterloo. Carl von Clausewitz’s use of historical counterfactuals in his history of the Campaign of 1815

In this article, I analyze the use of historical counterfactuals in the Campaign of 1815 by Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831). Such is the importance of counterfactuals in this work that its gist can be given in a series of 25 counterfactuals. I claim that a central role is played by evaluative counterfactuals. This specific form of counterfactuals is part of a didactic method that allows Clausewitz to teach young officers a critical method that prepares them for the challenge of decision-making in real warfare. I conclude with the enduring relevance of Clausewitz’s use of evaluative counterfactuals for contemporary military historiography.     

A Study on Criteria for Barrel Lifetime

Several criteria for barrel lifetime were summarized and discussed. Based on large amount of test data,the advantages and disadvantages of the criteria were analyzed and the requirements for the easy and practical criterion were put forward. Then,a new criterion based on the radical wear at the start points of the barrel lands was proposed. The close interrelationship between the radical wear and interior ballistic characteristics was illuminated theoretically and experimentally. The research results show the great value of this criterion to solve the problem of barrel lifetime.     

身管自重弯曲对射击精度的影响分析与修正

运用有限元方法计算出身管在自重作用下不同射角时炮口端的弯曲度，得出炮口角随射角的变化关系，分析身管自重弯曲对火炮射击精度的影响，并建立身管弯曲的修正模型。证明身管的自重弯曲是影响射击精度的不可忽略的因素，提出了一种计算弯曲度和修正射击的方法。     

基于改进支持向量回归机的火炮身管寿命预测

为准确预测火炮身管寿命终止时火炮射弹数,根据射击过程中火炮身管磨损量与身管寿命特性,分析了身管膛线起始部磨损量与身管射弹数之间的关系,提出了支持向量回归机算法,并采用遗传算法进行模型优化改进,得到火炮身管寿命预测最优模型。结合两种类型火炮的身管数据,利用该模型对身管寿命进行预测,并与原始支持向量回归机进行对比,通过分析可知改进的支持向量回归机预测效果好、精度高,为火炮在实际应用中身管的寿命预测提供了新的思路。     

某自动步枪身管内膛破坏特点研究

通过枪管的寿命试验,获取该枪的寿命值。利用MATLAB进行二项式曲线拟合,得到枪管的初速预测模型,并根据内膛表面形貌和断面形貌的显微图像,找出内膛破坏的特点及枪管寿终原因,为今后身管武器研究提供一定的借鉴作用。     

速射转管炮射击校正方法

速射转管炮的使用成功地解决了射速高、寿命长、后坐力小三者之间的矛盾,但另一方面也给舰炮火控系统带来了新的问题。在分析转管炮对弹丸运动影响的基础上,重点描述了速射转管炮射击校正的方法。     

基于可靠度的身管强度修正

从分析火炮身管的材料、载荷和结构尺寸的离散性出发 ,进行了基于安全系数设计的身管强度可靠度分析。依据要求的可靠度 ,建立了身管强度设计薄弱区域的强度修正模型。以某型火炮身管为例 ,进行了基于安全系数设计的身管可靠度分析及强度修正     

捷联惯组与炮管之间安装误差角的标定方法

为了保证捷联惯导系统能够正确给出炮管高低角和方位角,必须对捷联惯组和炮管之间的安装误差角进行标定.介绍了利用经纬仪进行安装误差角标定的原理和方法,还提出另外两种计算安装误差角方法,包括利用欧拉角微分方程进行近似积分方法和利用主惯导与子惯导间的传递对准方法.经对比上述三种方法是等效的,其共同特点是炮管必须作高低角运动,并且要求在运动前后横滚角变化很小.最后,通过调炮试验验证了标定方法的可行性.     

防暴发射器身管长度优化研究

为解决某型防暴发射器身管设计不合理导致有效射程短的问题,以仿真设计的方法,运用Matlab计算软件对其进行了内弹道模拟仿真,获得了不同身管长度下该防暴发射器的膛压和速度曲线,确定了最优身管长度。然后利用ANsYs有限元分析软件,对延长身管后的模型进行了强度校核。仿真结果和实弹数据表明：防暴发射器身管长度设计合理,有效提高了其实际射程和作战效能,研究工作优化了防暴发射器的设计。     

滑膛身管内径测量仪研究

针对滑膛身管特殊测量环境，设计了一种新型的高精度火炮身管内径自动化检测系统。系统本体结构实现了模块化设计，采用电感式位移传感器和激光测距传感器作为测量器件，在专门设计的传动机构的带动下，对火炮身管内膛直径进行自动化测量。同时，设计了一套测试软件，在该软件的支持下，可以准确地测量身管任意截面内径尺寸的变化，并实现了数据快速实时处理和显示输出。     

身管柔性化对火炮动力后坐试验的影响研究

为研究火炮动力后坐试验过程中身管变形对火炮后坐复进运动的影响,以某自行火炮火力部分作为研究对象,基于多体动力学和有限元方法,构建了考虑身管柔性化的火力部分刚柔耦合动力学模型。该模型中,炮膛合力以样条函数的形式直接作用在炮口前端。通过仿真,对比火炮后坐部分最大后坐速度、最大后坐位移以及最大后坐速度时的后坐位移和时间的仿真值与实弹射击过程中的试验值,结果表明,采用冲击的方式进行火炮后坐模拟试验时,身管柔性特征对火炮后坐复进特性影响较小,也证明冲击式火炮后坐试验装置的研制可行性。     

Effects of lethality in naval combat models

In the context of both discrete time salvo models and continuous time Lanchester models we examine the effect on naval combat of lethality: that is, the relative balance between the offensive and defensive attributes of the units involved. We define three distinct levels of lethality and describe the distinguishing features of combat for each level. We discuss the implications of these characteristics for naval decision‐makers; in particular, we show that the usefulness of the intuitive concept “more is better” varies greatly depending on the lethality level. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.     

火炮身管振动特性及减振研究

对火炮振动研究的现状作了详细的评述,指出了目前存在的问题,提出了新的研究方向．     

磨损身管下的杆式穿甲弹强度失效计算机模拟

针对某型105 mm钨合金超速脱壳穿甲弹在射击试验时出现的弹体强度失效现象,使用有限元分析软件对其强度进行了分析计算。计算分两种工况：正常状态下的弹体应力应变分布和磨损身管条件下的弹体应力应变分布。根据计算结果,证实了弹体强度失效是由于火炮身管过度磨损的原因所致。