变质心再入飞行器的质心移动方式研究

变质心控制是一种利用质量块的主动移动来改变飞行器质量特性的控制方式,该控制方式对于克服各种高速飞行器执行机构的气动烧蚀问题有着重要的意义.通过建立变质心再入飞行器的线性化方程,研究了质量块在飞行器内部不同方向上移动与可建立配平攻角之间的关系,并通过仿真计算可知再入飞行器再入的不同阶段质量块沿不同方向移动时的控制效率是有所差别的.研究结论对于提高变质心再入飞行器的控制效率有着重要的意义.     

基于LADRC的四旋翼姿态解耦控制方法

针对基于自抗扰控制技术(ADRC)构建的小型四旋翼飞行器非线性姿态控制器,存在设计复杂、整定参数多、工程实现困难的问题,提出了一种基于线性自抗扰控制器(LADRC)的四旋翼飞行器姿态解耦控制方法。建立了四旋翼飞行器姿态的非线性耦合数学模型,引入LADRC,阐述了其对多变量系统的解耦抗扰控制原理及参数整定方法,并对四旋翼飞行器的姿态耦合数学模型进行了解耦;采用二阶LADRC建立了飞行器姿态控制回路,根据飞行器姿态控制中过渡时间的要求对控制器参数进行了整定;最后进行了仿真分析,结果表明,该姿态控制算法不依赖于精确的数学模型,具有较强的鲁棒性和抗干扰性,且仅需对一个参数进行整定,降低了工程应用难度,具有较强的实际应用价值。     

空间应急飞行器姿态快速机动控制研究

以空间应急飞行器姿态机动快速控制过程为研究对象,对姿态快速解耦控制问题进行研究.采用决策树理论对时间最优控制和倾斜开关曲线控制这两种控制策略进行综合,以控制时间作为代价函数,获得三通道时间最优控制策略.与其他方法相比,本控制策略控制时间大幅缩短,控制精度满足设计需求.另外对控制器不同控制周期下的控制效果进行仿真比较,对控制器控制周期选择具有指导意义.     

基于SADRC的四旋翼飞行器姿态解耦控制方法

针对线性自抗扰(Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control,LADRC)在四旋翼飞行器姿态控制中存在初始状态误差较大时可能产生"峰值"现象的问题,提出了一种基于线性/非线性自抗扰切换控制(Switch in linearnonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Control,SADRC)四旋翼飞行器控制方法。以实验室现有的3-DOF四旋翼飞行器平台为研究对象,建立了其姿态的数学模型,引入SADRC对其基本原理进行了介绍;基于SADRC设计了四旋翼飞行器姿态解耦控制器,并对系统单通道的稳定性进行了分析;对控制方法进行了实验验证。结果表明,SADRC控制器可有效避免LADRC控制器因为初始状态误差引起的"峰值"问题,抗干扰性能进一步提高。     

空间飞行器的姿态和扰动抑制控制器设计

针对存在参数不确定性和外部非线性系统干扰的刚性空间飞行器,采用Rodrigue参数描述的飞行器姿态模型,利用自适应控制方法处理了转动惯量矩阵中的参数不确定性;基于输出调节理论,设计了一个动态补偿器来估计外部非线性系统产生的干扰信号,结合Lyapunov稳定性分析方法设计了自适应状态反馈控制器。通过数值仿真可知,空间飞行器系统状态全局渐近稳定,设计的非线性内模可完全估计外部非线性干扰,验证了控制器的有效性和可行性。     

故障自适应滑模再入姿态控制设计

为了解决再入飞行过程中,飞行器故障时的姿态控制问题。提出了一种故障检测策略和在故障状态下的姿态控制方法。首先,设计了非线性故障检测观测器,通过姿态角观测误差阈值确定故障是否发生。其次,使用自适应控制技术和滑模控制技术实现了故障情况下的再入飞行器姿态控制。最后,通过数值仿真算例,测试了经典双回路控制律和提出的容错控制律下的姿态指令跟踪效果,证明了提出的容错控制策略的有效性。     

临近空间驻留飞艇模糊变结构姿态控制方法

针对临近空间驻留飞艇姿态运动的非线性、耦合和不确定等特点,提出了一种模糊变结构解耦控制方法。首先,推导了定点模式下飞艇的姿态运动方程,通过选取状态向量和控制向量,将其描述为非线性系统。然后,采用反馈线性化方法将非线性姿态控制系统输入输出解耦为三个通道的线性子系统;利用滑模变结构控制对参数摄动的不变性设计了定点姿态控制系统,并应用Lyapunov理论证明了系统的全局稳定性;为提高控制性能,以变结构控制的滑模面及其变化率为模糊控制器的输入,以趋近律参数为模糊控制器的输出设计了模糊变结构控制器,通过模糊规则在线调整控制律参数。最后,对具有参数不确定的姿态控制系统进行了数值仿真,验证了控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于反步法的高超声速飞行器终端滑模控制

为了使高超声速飞行器在再入过程中完成姿态控制,在反步法的基础上将模糊自适应和终端滑模控制相结合设计控制器。对于姿态角动态,使用反步法和模糊自适应设计虚拟控制律;而对于角速率动态,利用终端滑模方法设计控制器,能够有效提高系统鲁棒性。稳定性分析说明所提方法可以保证系统状态的一致渐进有界性。     

考虑禁飞区的高超声速飞行器再入跟踪控制

为确立高超声速飞行器再入精确模型,参考NASA的研究数据对动力学方程中的气动参数进行拟合。基于飞行器结构的相关性质及战略应用背景,加入热流密度、动压、过载和禁飞区等参考约束的限制,融合成强非线性、复杂耦合的最优控制问题。采用改进自适应伪谱法求解模型所构建的微分方程组,通过设置自适应网格细化与配点,使单位时间内状态变量和控制变量波动过大的时间区间被进一步细划,并利用SNOPT求解器解算出符合条件的最优轨迹。设计闭环控制器,实现对最优轨迹的姿态变化的跟踪,测试系统的性能并进行评估。仿真结果表明:整个再入过程中,飞行器速度下降过程偏于平稳,再入轨迹可以满足约束条件,在避开禁飞区的同时取得最大横向航程;三通道角速度收敛可控,对姿态的跟踪较理想,控制器基本可以实现精确调姿。     

基于通用扩张状态观测器的鲁棒飞行控制方法

针对参数不确定、外界干扰与测量噪声情况下飞行控制问题,提出一种基于通用扩张状态观测器的鲁棒飞行控制方法。基于状态相关的Riccati方程控制方法对飞行器俯仰通道非线性模型进行扩展线性化;引入基于通用扩张状态观测器的控制方法,设计干扰补偿增益,实现对外界干扰的估计与补偿;通过在线解算状态相关矩阵及代数黎卡提方程,得出状态反馈增益与干扰补偿增益,实现对飞行器期望攻角的跟踪控制。与已有方法对比表明,所提方法不仅对系统模型不确定性与外界干扰具有较强的鲁棒性,而且在较大测量噪声情况下,其依然能够保证良好的跟踪控制效果,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.