基于模型概率的自适应交互式多模型算法

传统的交互式多模型算法中过程噪声协方差矩阵固定，不能很好地适应实际目标不同程度的机动。采用匀速和转弯运动模型集合，提出了一种基于模型后验概率的自适应交互式多模型算法。通过后验概率来自适应调整各模型中的系统过程噪声协方差矩阵，进而提高模型同系统运动模式的匹配程度；结合防空作战机动目标跟踪要求，通过典型目标机动仿真，同标准交互式多模型算法进行比较，验证了该算法的合理性和有效性。     

临近空间高超声速机动目标跟踪的IMM-QB算法北大核心

经典的交互式多模型(IMM)算法由于转移概率矩阵固定不变,在跟踪运动状态未知且多变的临近空间高超声速目标时存在一定的不合理性。通过采用准贝叶斯(Quasi-Bayesian)估计对转移概率矩阵在线调整的方法,与基于CV-CA-Singer的经典交互式多模型算法进行融合形成了IMM-QB算法。Monte Carlo仿真实验表明,IMM-QB算法对临近空间高超声速滑跃式机动目标的跟踪精度有一定程度的提高。     

临近空间高超声速机动目标跟踪的IMM-QB算法

经典的交互式多模型(IMM)算法由于转移概率矩阵固定不变,在跟踪运动状态未知且多变的临近空间高超声速目标时存在一定的不合理性。通过采用准贝叶斯(Quasi-Bayesian)估计对转移概率矩阵在线调整的方法,与基于CV-CA-Singer的经典交互式多模型算法进行融合形成了IMM-QB算法。Monte Carlo仿真实验表明,IMM-QB算法对临近空间高超声速滑跃式机动目标的跟踪精度有一定程度的提高。     

模糊自适应PMHT机动目标跟踪算法

对目标机动的检测和准确跟踪,是目标跟踪研究中非常重要但难度较大的问题.将统计距离、统计距离增量作为系统方差的调整参量,采用模糊专家规则系统,提出了一种适用于机动目标的模糊自适应概率多假设跟踪(FA-PMHT)算法.该算法将数据关联寻优与运动模型寻优联合处理,从而实现了数据关联寻优、目标模型寻优一体化.仿真结果表明,所提算法与交互式多模型概率多假设跟踪(IMM-PMHT)算法相比在跟踪精度上有明显提高,并且满足实时性要求,证明该算法是有效的.     

一种基于IMM/MSPDAF的多传感器数据融合目标跟踪算法

基于交互式多模型和多传感器联合概率数据关联算法的机动目标跟踪,先用融合算法将红外和雷达的量测进行融合,然后利用融合后的数据,采用交互式多模型机动目标跟踪方法实现对机动目标的跟踪。仿真实验验证了算法具有良好的机动目标跟踪效果。     

基于加速度的马尔可夫参数自适应IMM算法

针对标准的交互式多模型算法(IMM)模型切换存在滞后性,使得目标机动改变时跟踪误差增大的问题,提出了一种基于加速度的自适应转移概率矩阵的IMM算法。该算法通过当前时刻IMM算法输出的加速度估计值,得到相应的修正因子,修正下一时刻的转移概率矩阵,使得模型切换速度加快,减小目标机动时的跟踪误差。最后通过仿真实验证明,改进的IMM算法能够有效减小目标机动改变时跟踪误差,提高模型切换速度,同时还指出了该算法的适应范围。     

基于模糊交互式多模型算法跟踪临近空间目标

由于临近空间高超声速飞行器采用非弹道式机动飞行方式,飞行速度、高度、加速度不断变化,目标机动具有长周期机动特点,而且临近空间目标飞行速度快,具有较高的升阻比,且在大气层内长时间飞行,其运动轨迹往往呈现出"跳跃"特征,给地面防御系统对其定位和跟踪带来了巨大的困难,传统的滤波算法无法给出精确的目标状态估计,跟踪性能变差。为了更好满足非机动式弹道滤波的需要,通过模糊逻辑算法与交互式多模型算法相结合,形成模糊交互式多模型算法,实现对临近空间目标飞行器跟踪,并保证了定位跟踪精度在允许范围之内。Matlab仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

修正的马尔科夫转移矩阵自适应IMM算法

机动目标跟踪算法中,交互式多模型(IMM)算法是一种相当有效的方法.但该算法中存在Markov矩阵据先验知识给定且不变的问题.针对此问题,提出一种Markov矩阵自适应的IMM算法.该算法利用后验信息实时修正Markov矩阵,改善了位置和速度的滤波结果,使IMM算法的模型概率变化更加符合目标真实运动.经仿真验证,提出的算法具有更好的跟踪性能.     

一种自适应变结构交互式多模型算法

针对机动目标跟踪问题,提出了一种自适应变结构交互式多模型算法。对滤波问题进行了简单描述,并给出了交互式多模型算法的数学模型;建立了一种新的变结构交互式多模型算法的精确模型,模型子集之间并行独立运行,通过选取概率最高的模型子集的状态估计作为最终的估计结果;在变结构交互式多模型算法基础上进一步设计了自适应变结构交互式多模型算法,该方法提高了模型子集和目标实际机动模式的匹配程度,从而提高了目标跟踪精度。仿真结果表明,自适应变结构交互式多模型算法的跟踪效果优于其他方法。     

超声速反舰导弹蛇形机动突防舰空导弹建模仿真

采用弹道仿真方法来求取超声速反舰导弹蛇形机动突防舰空导弹的突防概率.首先分析了反舰导弹蛇形机动的物理过程,建立反舰导弹蛇形机动的弹道模型,然后建立了舰空导弹反导拦截模型,最后设定反舰导弹和舰空导弹的性能参数,采用蒙特卡罗法对不同组合的机动弹道进行攻防对抗仿真实验,得出超声速反舰导弹蛇形机动突防舰空导弹的突防概率.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.