乳化油废水空化射流破乳实验

建立了空化射流破乳实验系统,确定了空化射流破乳实验方法。以空化射流破乳除油率作为衡量空化射流破乳效果好坏的标准,通过实验研究了表面活性剂质量浓度、油的质量浓度、静置时间、喷嘴入口压力、循环处理次数、靶距对空化射流破乳效果的影响规律。结果表明:与未添加表面活性剂相比,添加少量表面活性剂将使空化射流破乳除油率大幅度下降;空化射流破乳方法主要对不含表面活性剂的模型乳化油废水有一定效果;空化射流破乳除油率随着模型乳化油废水油的质量浓度、静置时间、喷嘴入口压力的增加而增加;循环处理次数较少时,空化射流破乳除油率随着循环处理次数的增加而增加,但循环处理次数过多反而使除油率下降;存在最佳靶距280 mm。     

N、P源对微生物法处理石油烃效果的影响

在微生物法处理石油烃的过程中,微生物对N、P源的供给非常敏感,不同的微生物对不同的N、P源的生物利用度是不相同的,N、P源的选择对降解效果有较大影响,所以有必要对最佳的N、P源进行筛选。对N、P源的逸择和加入量对降解效果的影响进行了研究,确定了最佳的N、P源分别为(NH4)2SO4、KH2PO4。在(NH4)2SO4、KH2PO4的质量浓度分别为100mg／L和60mg／L时,废水中石油烃的去除率最高。     

微污染地表水的胞外聚合物复合絮凝剂强化混凝处理

采用胞外聚合物作为生物絮凝剂,开展胞外聚合物复合絮凝剂强化混凝处理微污染原水的研究.研究结果表明,蛋白质是胞外聚合物最主要的成分,多糖次之,腐殖酸和脱氧核糖核酸的含量最低;胞外聚合物含有大量带负电荷的官能团,单独投加胞外聚合物不能有效絮凝和吸附去除原水中的污染物.聚合氯化铝混凝处理微污染水的效果优于氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁,药品较优投加质量浓度为70~80 mg/L.胞外聚合物和聚合氯化铝复合使用能提高对细小颗粒物的去除效果,增强去除有机污染物和氯化消毒副产物前驱体的能力,降低聚合氯化铝的质量浓度.胞外聚合物复合絮凝剂的较优配方:胞外聚合物质量浓度为5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝质量浓度为60 mg/L.     

苯酚降解菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性

以苯酚为唯一碳源进行选择性富集培养,从油污染土壤中筛选出2株菌,命名为Phe0901和Phe0902。在32℃、pH值为7.0、200r/min摇床振荡培养72h,用4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定2菌株培养液中苯酚含量,结果表明2株菌均能彻底降解初始质量浓度为1000mg/L的苯酚培养液,即Phe0901和Phe0902为苯酚降解菌。经形态学观察、生理生化实验及16SrDNA基因序列比对分析,初步确定Phe0901为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)成员;Phe902为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)成员。在不同温度下用比浊法探讨降解菌株的生长情况,在不同pH值下用4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定苯酚降解率,结果表明在32℃、pH值为7.0～7.8时适宜Phe0901的降解,Phe0901培养44h能彻底降解1000mg/L的苯酚;在32℃、pH值为7.0时适宜Phe0902的降解,Phe0902培养70h能彻底降解1000mg/L的苯酚。     

萃取-絮凝组合精制再生废润滑油

根据溶剂精制再生废润滑油环保、经济、高效的特点,采用单因素实验方法,应用极性溶剂为萃取剂、乙二胺为絮凝剂,组合精制再生废润滑油。最佳工艺条件为:萃取剂为正丁醇,精制时间为15 min,精制温度为25℃,剂/油质量比为5∶1,絮凝剂添加比例为1.0%。以该精制工艺操作,再生油性能指标得到明显改善,黏温指数达130以上,闪点达200℃,酸值为0.05 mg.g-1,灰分质量分数降低到0.01%以下,金属元素含量显著下降,再生油产率为80.6%,各项性能基本上符合HVI150基础油指标,表明该精制工艺再生废润滑油可行,应用前景广阔。     

基于合成沸石的Cr~(3+)深度吸附处理

以吸附后溶液中Cr3+质量浓度低于国家相关标准为目的,采用搅拌动态吸附的方法,研究投加量、吸附时间、吸附温度、pH值对吸附的影响,考察沸石粉对Cr3+深度吸附的条件。实验发现,在沸石粉投加量为1g/L的前提下,吸附时间为2h、温度为55℃、pH值为4~5时分别达到较好吸附效果。开展三因素三水平正交试验,得到深度吸附条件为:投加量1g/L、吸附时间2h、吸附温度35℃、pH=5,此时去除率达到99.7%。对深度吸附条件进行验证,发现在此条件下可以将Cr3+溶液的质量浓度由0.1mg/L降低至0.03mg/L;最后通过实验得出沸石粉对Cr3+的饱和吸附量为79.93mg/g。     

CTAB反相微乳体系的相行为研究

阳离子表面活性剂CTAB在微乳领域有广泛的应用.以CTAB为表面活性剂,分别将几种不同烷烃作为油相、几种不同醇作为助表面活性剂制备反相微乳体系,对微乳体系增溶纯水和增溶盐溶液时的相行为进行了研究.结果表明,当体系的水相为纯水或盐溶液时,正庚烷作为油相、正丁醇作为助表面活性剂使体系有最佳的增溶效果.     

生物流化床处理药厂废水的研究

生物流化床是一种占地少、去除率高、抗冲击负荷能力强的废水生物处理装置。在载体为X－1、X－2的情况下，此工艺处理天麻素制药废水的最佳HRT为5h、pH=7、水的CODCr为450－550mg/L、曝气强度为38.2m^3/(m^2·h),CODCr去除效率大于91％，平均为92.44%，出水水质达到一级排放标准。     

正向渗透除硼试验研究

以KCl、MgCl_2溶液为汲取液(DS),研究了正向渗透(FO)除硼过程中汲取液种类与浓度对水通量、反向溶质通量以及除硼效果的影响。结果表明:随着汲取液溶质浓度增大,水通量呈非线性增加且增加幅度逐渐减小,KCl汲取液对应的水通量随溶质浓度的增长率高于MgCl_2汲取液;反向溶质通量的增长规律与水通量的变化规律相似,KCl汲取液对应的反向溶质通量远大于同浓度MgCl_2汲取液;KCl汲取液的FO过程对硼的截留率大于同浓度MgCl_2汲取液;以KCl、MgCl_2溶液为汲取液的正向渗透均能将含硼水中硼的质量浓度从5 mg/L降低至0.5 mg/L,符合我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》对硼的要求。     

FeCl3-超滤工艺处理低温低浊水的试验研究

采用FeCl3-超滤工艺进行了处理实验室条件下低温低浊水的试验研究，考察了不同投加量的FeCl3对污染物的去除效果和超滤膜运行状况的影响。结果表明，FeCl3-超滤工艺处理低温低浊水的适宜投量为8mg／L，膜出水浊度小于0．2NTU，CODM。小于2．5mg／L，对CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为37．35％和51．66％，且超滤膜运行状况较为稳定。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan

The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level.